Stem Cell Research: Ethics, Translations and Transmissions Northwestern University

An NIH Center of Excellence in Stem Cell Research

Center for Bioethics

Science and Society

Laurie Zoloth, Ph.D

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Plan of talk

        Ethical Issues in International Stem Cell Research List of first, second and current ethical concerns Why we must now focus on justice Description of theories of justice Description of historical solutions in resource allocation Proposals for fairness One Critical Note about Veracity as the basis for all theory (both in science and in philosophy) Gratitude Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

The First Years of Human Stem Cell Research— a brief review of where we’ve been  Raised three sorts of questions in ethics:  Origins : the cells raised issues of moral status of embryo  Process: Donations of eggs and sperm needed raised issues of informed consent  Telos: Long term goals raised issues of the telos or good ends of the idea itself Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

The Next Questions concerned Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

 Raises new issues —cloning  Violation of order considered natural or divine  Species and boundaries  Slippery slope concerns Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Core arguments against basic research in human stem cells

       Slopes are slippery and the future is thus dangerous Can not use the bodies of others even for good Money and the marketplace are inherently corrupting Nature is both fixed and sacred DNA is ipsity —once established destroying it amounts to killing Suffering and finitide defines humanity Women could face particular abuse Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

That the more we learn about this

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The better able we are to relieve human suffering

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

What have we learned so far?

 Some questions are not resolvable  Some are merely very difficult to resolve  Some have just not yet been resolved in a temporal sense.

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

But of all the lessons we learned one thing.

 Do not lie  For if you lie about the facts  Or hype the results  Or hype the fear  Then real discourse cannot happen.

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Koreagate: Not too early to tell

 That lying has had a devastating effect on the process  That international co-operation is made more difficult  That the entire process of bioethics is at issue  That bioethics must make its own demands Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

What it Means to Have Duties

As in Kantian Moral Imperatives As in Religious Commands

That is the key question.

 Isn’t the problem the moral status of the human embryo?

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

 No.

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Stem cell science raises important ethical questions

 Even if we cannot decide about moral status  Which we cannot: for it is not a scientific question in its present form and in the present world.

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

I. 3 interesting Questions in biology and in ethics

 What does it mean to be human?

 What does it mean to be free?

 What must I do about the suffering of the other? Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

II.

A Particular history

 1970s: ability to deconstruct process of human reproduction  idea that infertility is a disease with a treatment  Creation of a genuinely new entity: an unenabled human embryo  In a country with a long history of interest in moral status issues  And Asilomar, which encouraged bioethicists Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

What policymakers actually need to ask:

   

Are there reasons in principle why performing the basic research should be impermissible?

What contextual factors should be taken into account an do any of these prevent development and use of the research?

What purposes, techniques or applications would be permissible and under what circumstances?

What procedures, structures, involving what policies, should be used to decide on appropriate techniques and uses?

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

171 Bills debated in first months of 2005 at the state level in the US

 15 on umbilical cord blood banking  156 on committed (“adult”) cells, hES or cloning  14 enacted into law  A “New Federalism” Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Separation Compromise Emerges

 Election of 2004 Stem Cell Policy, 2005 Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Stem cells debate draws on classic tropes and borders debates

 Borders of democracy-> moral status of the other  Borders of Nature-> Fixed? Tamed? Normative?  Borders of mortality and suffering, contingency  Danger -> slopes, precaution, dual use, mistakes   Justice-> access, fairness, money and markets A synedoche for modernity —a trigger for fundamental return(s) Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

Issues Considered by National Academy of Sciences in the United States

1) Recruitment of donors of blastocysts, gametes, or somatic cells informed consent financial incentives conflicts of interest donor confidentiality risks associated with oocyte retrieval handling of genetic information arising from the research Characterization and standardization of stem cells Safe handling and storage of blastocysts and stem cell material Conditions for transfer of such material among laboratories Appropriate uses of hES cells in research or therapy Limitations on the use of hES cells Safeguards against misuse Northwestern University Feinberg School of Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Society

 Use local IRBs  Use existing BABs  Create new oversight groupings at local level  Statewide boards  National oversight (raises other risks) Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Knowles:

 “By creating the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) as a central body to distribute these funds, and within it, the Independent Citizen's Oversight Committee (ICOC) as a governing body to evaluate who receives them, the state has effectively created its own National Institutes of Health. “ Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

The Real NIH is shaken by new forces

 Hurricanes  Basic flattening before hurricanes  Aging population, risk of infectious disease  Private model, HSA, and entrepreneurialism Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

How to regulate? Despite the appearance of a regulatory vacuum

   Protections in place include:     federal human-subject research protection FDA protections Health Insurance Portability and Accountability patient privacy rules. RAC guidelines Apply to any research supported in whole or in part by federal funds or at institutions that have pledged to follow federal regulations. ASRM guidelines Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

New Phase Begins: Establishment of Banks for hES lines

 Earlier Questions marked by contention  Largely issues of faith  Issues of significant disagreement with low likelihood of solution  Search for determinate answers for largely indeterminate problems (see Nature, Oct 16) Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Moving from theory to praxis

 Will create immediate justice issues  Need for a UNOS or lottery system Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Justice is prior to freedom

 Levinas’s claim  Need I mention once again that truth is a prerequisite to justice Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

The Question of Justice

  How does a society decide what is just? In a world of scarcity, how ought a society justly distribute scarce goods and services?  In light of the particular and poignant crisis of health care what would be the language of such choices,   How can state can be accountable for justice How can an international community reflect on justice? Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Statement of problem

 How can we set in place a fair and just system of access to the good ends of medicine?

 Using a fair and just process that protects donors and recipients?

 And aiming for fair and just goals for humanity?

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Standard candidates for material principles of distribution

     numerical equality need individual effort social contribution merit or desert Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Theories come from material principles

 Different theories of justice placed different emphasis on these material principles,  Can accept combinations of material principles  Understanding a particular theory of justice began by critically examining the theoretical justification of the selection of material principles Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

And from principles of liberal democracy

  All liberal theories shared in common the presuppositions of the liberal tradition, all rested on the assurance of the primacy of the individual the individual person, with liberty, rights, duties, and the ability to engage in voluntary consent, existed prior to the social contract itself.  the social contract that is entered into by rational free agents operating from an original position that was either historical or hypothetical, that created the liberal state Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Libertarian theory

     liberty, private property, and entitlement. the problem of ownership the rights of each individual to own his or her own resources. According to the classic Lockean theory, the labor power of the individual, his actual work, was "mixed" with the natural resources, land, and water to create wealth that the individual then owned.

The ownership of the harvested crops was brought into being by virtue of the individual's creation of this commodity where none existed before. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Problems

 Are free first holdings really free?

 What of physical or genetic injustice?

 Does the end not really not matter---could one accumulate nearly all the resources if done fairly?

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Utilitarianism

 “All action is for the sake of some end, and rules of action, it seems natural to suppose, must take their whole character and color from the end to which they are subservient. . . . When we are engaged in a pursuit, a clear and precise conception of what we are pursuing would seem to be the first thing we need, instead of the last we are to look forward to”  John Stuart Mill Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Based in Consequences

 Greatest happiness for greatest number  pleasure and the freedom from pain, are the only things desirable as ends; and that all desirable things (which are as numerous in the utilitarian as in any other schemes) are desirable either for the pleasure inherent in themselves, or as a means to the promotion of pleasure and the prevention of pain. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Not rights based

 liberty was not a right unless it was justified by its utility to a society that was secure.  Claims of merit, claims of prior social contract, conflicting appeals, and material principles of justice were ultimately subjective and hence did not give a consistent account of justice.

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Problems

 Majority v minority  What is good?

 Evil  Fate of individual Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Deontology: Duties

      There is a world of others to whom promises are made and to whom duties are owed. And underlying norms and presumptions, Duties create the means of being In the context of relationships With attendant obligations that guide our acts.

For some deontologists there were certain acts (truth telling, promise keeping) that contained moral worth distinct from their impact on consequences--independent of the net happiness, pleasure, or difficulties the fulfillment of the obligation would bring. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Kant

 “nothing is left but the conformity of actions to universal law as such and this alone must serve the will as its principle. That is to say, I ought never to act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal law .” Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Social Contract Theory

 Based on equality of shares as in John Rawls    “Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override. justice denies that the loss of freedom for some is made right by a greater good shared by others. Therefore in a just society the liberties of equal citizenship are taken as settled; the rights secured by justice are not subject to political bargaining or to the calculus of social interests.” Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

 First Principle: Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

 Second Principle: social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both:  a. to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged,  b. attached to positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Egalitarian Theories of Justice

      each of us had inescapable and essential rights and obligations toward one another that could not be ignored rights, obligations, duties, and needs arose from something we shared as persons, common to all must be respected by all. commitment to equality ability to make rational choices that honored this equality were at the heart of this theory of justice.

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

 First among these duties was the notion that justice was rooted in equality, an equality due on the basis  of shared human embodiment and  participation in a mutually consensual human society.

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

A basic decent minimum.

 This basic decent minimum was an assessment of a quantifiable human necessity  constituted the share to which all persons were entitled by virtue of their personhood alone  not because of merit or desert. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

All these theories share these qualities:

 Must be applicable: Any theory, to be ultimately credible, must address certain social imperatives: cultural norms, economic limits, and the power of the state.

 Rooted in mortality and rooted in scarcity  Theory for rational beings Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

All faced challenges in the late 20

th

century

 Feminist in North America  Liberation Theology in Latin America  Post- Modernist in Europe Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

But were the basis for many health care dilemmas

 3 Classic lifeboat problems in all technological advances  First use will be risky and dangerous  Will quickly be available to a small elite  Will move from desire to need to entitlement Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

No Formal Rationing Plan until Medicine becomes a Public Act

 Prior idea was individuals tending to individuals  Family based care  Hospices of the Knights Templar  Village healers  First come, first served Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

American Civil War

 Whitman notes first come, first served model  Some use of rank  Occasional compassionate attention to child soldiers Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

“Triage” in Crimean War, WWI

 French surgeons  Florence Nightingale  Technology (in this case of killing) forced treatment changes Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Idea is that scarcity is made transparent

 Rational planning and order is based on logical theory  System planned in advance  Choices based on clinical assessment Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Priorities vary

 In War: need for activities to resume as quickly as possible —  First attention to most lightly wounded  Least resources on most critical, likely to die, or complex Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Historical Rationing of Penicillin WWII

 Introduction in wartime framed the first use  Triage was based on ability to restore ill to battle  Syphilis before battle infection  Not routinely given in life threatening cases Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Kidney Hemodialysis Machines

 First use monitored by Ethics Boards (“leading citizens”)  Difficult and class based results  Ended up funding everyone Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Lottery systems for rare drug protocols

 All patients considered equally at risk  Main consideration was appearance of utter fairness Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

United National Organ Sharing:UNOS

 Developed for a ranking system for solid tissue cadaveric organs  Has expanded for living organ donors  Based on medical need  Geography a factor  Must first be able to be listed  Able to pay in some fashion  Able to care for self in the eyes of the boards Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

HeLa cells—how pure research distributes

 Mrs. Henrietta Lane’s tumor removed in cancer surgery  No consent or knowledge to family  Pure transformation to commodity as cell line  Free use in all labs Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Flu vaccine systems set in place by the CDC in 2004-2005

 Idea of ‘high risk’ category  Likely to die if aquired upper respiratory illness and pnuemonia  Or likely to affect fetus  Or in historical life boat catagory Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Statement of problem

 How can we set in place a fair and just system of access to the good ends of medicine?

 Using a fair and just process that protects donors and recipients?

 And aiming for fair and just goals for humanity?

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

When we live in an unjust world?

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Stem Cell Libraries (note: not “banking”)

 Theory is a source for most MHC (HLA) lines in a given population  Need justice in how donations (not deposits) are made  In how withdraw fairly Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Four problems

 How to make donation fair and just

from

egg donors?

 How to distribute lines

to

researchers so research is just?

 How to do clinical trials justly?

 How to distribute or trade fairly when therapies are discovered and verified?

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

A theory of donation

 Stem cells reveal certain veracities  Humans are pluripotent at the cellular level  Healing is a complex and self organizing system   Abundance is structured into nature People have an abundance of gametes —more than they could even possibly need as individuals Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Organ donation remind us of an ontology: the neighbor is the self

 That the self may be (literally) for the other  Which is the bases for much of ethics and religious morality  Note: Emmanuel Levinas —”the very skin of the self if needed.”  A theory of hospitality grounds our duty Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Egg donations may offer another chance to know this

 Egg donation as altrusim  Hence, not as a commodity but a gift  And, in the sense of the Hebrew Scripture, a justice making act (

tzedakah

) Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Philosophic problems in giving

 Are women really free moral agents?

 Can the state compel altruism?  What about free markets?

 How to avoid coercion?

 Hard coercion as in prostitution (cash for use of body)  Soft coercion as in family pressure or desperation (love/approval for use of body) Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Cannot avoid coercion

 In fact, it may be a constraint on all human existence  And this is a good thing!

 However we can support compassionate donation, and avoid payment Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

New NU research toward egg maturation in cancer survivors

 Northwestern University (“Joseph Project”)  NuBorn  NuAge Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Philosophic problems in receiving

 Need a system of triage  Based on prior UNOS system  Should follow from an international discussion within stem cell community   Investigators Patients  Need to research how economies of fair trade can be supported with experimental economics Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

What is new or distinctive about hES lines?—unsolved challenges!

 First use risky but desperately needed?

 Demand outweighs supply?

 Distribution in a world with uneven access to basic decent minimum of other social and health care needs  Americans face a unique problem in developed world (uninsured) Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Like penicillin, offers hope for cure and not treatment

 Net savings if successful in millions of cases of chronic disability  Technology may allow for wide distribution without expensive treatment centers  Spinal cord injury as first target  Offers the chance to be both a donor and recipient Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

New philosophical opportunities



Rational

creatures allow systems of justice 

Plasticity

of the creature allows systems of justice as well  a duty of reversibility  a duty to heal 

Human duties movement

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

NAS Guidelines: Donations of blastocysts, oocytes, sperm and somatic cells  Should always be reviewed by an Institutional Review Board  Should be governed by informed consent of all donors  Separation of decision to donate from all clinical decisions  No payments to donors beyond reimbursement of direct expenses  No purchase or sale of donated materials  Protection of donor privacy Northwestern University Feinberg School of Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Society

NAS Recommendations for Oversight of Human Embryonic Stem (hES) Cell Research 

Local oversight - each institution should establish an Embryonic Stem Cell Research Oversight (ESCRO) committee to review and monitor all proposals to conduct hES cell research.

 The committee should include representatives of the public and persons with expertise in developmental biology, stem cell research, molecular biology, assisted reproduction, and ethical and legal issues in hES cell research. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society



A national panel should be established to assess



periodically the adequacy of the guidelines and to



provide a forum for a continuing discussion of issues involved in hES cell research.

   politically independent and without conflicts of interest respected in the lay and scientific communities able to call on suitable expertise to support this effort.

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

International System needs international forum

 UN?

 Council of Stem Cell Centers?

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Conclusions

 Unique opportunity for new theory of justice based on:  Classic theologies: shared stewardship of land  Actual physiologies of plasticity  The gift relationship that also grounds society  The principle of Hospitality even with moral strangers Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Conclusions:

 All science is political and is thus like free speech (with permission and limits) for:     Basic medical research is always about the other understood as the self — And carries both an overt text and a covert text that “pokes holes in the fabric of what we know.” Science advances are ontological, and hence, allow for a new self-social interaction (Thomas Jefferson) Hence, research —even if on the molecules of the cells of the body will be understood as a social act.

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Public Science creates a Moral Economy

 Public Funding will be key, for only if there is public funding can there be frank and open oversight and regulation  Need to allow for public access to all cures  All citizens need to reflect on the ethical choices science raises  And science and the public are both moral witness to how the future will be shared Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Not a “Bank” but a “Grange”

 Co-op model based on fair trade  Storehouse with shares based on stewardship  Neighbors in need versus customers Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Not a “Bank” but a “Library”

 Language will be important Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

The ethical question of stem cell research also is a

deontological

question

 If I have a

duty

to heal the suffering other,  Then how should I judge things or persons that block that duty or moral action?  Is it warranted to block the moral action of healing to avoid the destruction of a blastocyst? Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

But please remember that it is not the key question

      Because the debate about stem cells is often seems to turn around the debate about abortion This is a conceptual error (sorry) but a probable one Takes us away from justice, the poor, or actual women, but has been important And it is a fundamental theological dispute This being the case —is there anything more to say about moral status?

Hence: The search for agreement aka “the third way.” Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Is this controversy sufficient to stop a moral agent from her duty?

 No: because it is the (valid and unassailable) problem of one religious group —separation principle    No: because of justice consideration on where to spend research social goods No: because the power of this duty grounds medicine No: because several other civic compromises exist (including Bush’s plan) Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Final Premise: Practical Matters Matter

 Long held tradition (religions) and practice (clinical) offer far clearer models for discursive community praxis.

   Basic science should proceed in all directions. Funding for particular projects about faith communities should be supported by these communities.

Therapies and basic research ought not wait for social consensus. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

How to respond? : One Idea from One Moral Philosopher



Healing is at the Moral Center of the Universe

    it is the core of most religions and the call of prophets consider our duty it is the core of what stem cells do in the human body It is good for the country Freedom of research is an enabling idea in democracies Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

Now: Can we please ask the question of Justice?

 Stem cell research will proceed (new lines, new methods, emergence of clinical trials protocols, etc)  The deeper questions are ones of justice and access: like all health care, an unfinished project Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

A Commercial for Bioethics

    You must always tell the truth and be prepared to verify it with repeatable data Our trust in you requires transparency and veracity.

A note about absolute veracity in Jewish Law: while it is permitted to tell the bride she is beautiful, science and ethics is a different matter.

“Tell the truth and stand up for all humanity” Sydney Brenner, Science , 2004.

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society

acknowledgments

             

From Northwestern



Teresa Woodruff: Cancer Genetics

 

John Kessler: Stem Cell Research NIH Center of Excellence Mary Hendrix, CMH and Northwestern

  

Rex Chisholm, Genetic Medicine Lynne Keasling, Kelloge School and Economics Kelly Mayo, Biology

Jonathon Moreno University of Virginia and NAS Richard Hayes, MIT and NAS Len Zon, Harvard University, HHMI Doug Melton, Harvard University, HHMI Irv Weisman, Stanford University Ronald McKay, NIH Nissim Benvenisty Hebrew University, Jerusalem Rudolph Jaenisch, MIT Suzanne Holland, University of Puget Sound Karen Lebacqz, Pacific School of Religion, emertius Roger Pederson, Cambridge Knowledge Research Center Woo-Suk Hwang, Seoul National University, Gerald Schatten, University of Pittsburg Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Science and Society