Transcript RURAL ROAD NETWORK PLANNING USING GIS

RURAL ROAD NETWORK PLANNING
USING GIS-A case study in Palakkad district
Guided by
Prof.M.V.L.R. Anjaneyulu
Presented by
Keerthi.M.G
Ceo4m007
STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION









Introduction
Scope and Objectives of the Study
Literature Review
Brief Review of the Software Used
Data Collection
Analysis of Data
Conclusions
Limitations and Scope for Future Study
References
INTRODUCTION
As roads are the only means of transport available
to most of the rural settlements, it plays a
predominant role in the comprehensive
development of a society. It acts as the lifeline of
the rural economy and society.
STATUS OF CONNECTIVITY OF VILLAGES
Sl.no
Population
Total Number of
Villages
1
Less than 1000
459465
173837(37.83)
2
1000 -1500
58029
45138(77.79)
3
More than
1500
143248
132108(92.22)
660742
351083(53.13)
Total
Total Number of
Villages Connected
(% of Total)
SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Palakkad is a typical hill district in Kerala having a
predominant share of rural population.
 Detailed Panchayath Resource Maps based on
cadastral maps are prepared by the Kerala Land Use
Board.
 Network planning mainly aims to improve flexibility
of travel and reduce the circuity.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY



To review the rural road network
development strategies that have been
recommended by researchers.
Collection of secondary data,preparation
of maps and database in GIS.
Identification of major villages or the
future growth villages
(contd…)



To generate road networks based on
alternative scientific procedures
Evaluation of the alternative networks
using graph theoretical indices
To suggest a methodology for link
prioritization
LITERATURE REVIEW
 Mineetha (1992), in her work on "Generation and testing of alternatives for
rural road network development -a case study of Kozhikode District", has
made an attempt to identify village hierarchy based on the trip rate produced
from each village.Factor analysis was used for analysis.
 Purushottam,et al(1993)in their paper “Scientific preparation of Master
plans for Rural Roads in Andra Pradesh” has suggested that rural road
network planning is to be carried out in three stages viz: node choice, link
choice ,network choice which are decided on the basis of Transport Priority
index,Link Priority index and Village Affinity index.
 Raji(1997),in her Ph.D thesis work “Rural Road Network Planning through
Transportation Related Hierarchy of Settlements” developed a systematic
procedure to identify hierarchy of settlements is done in a multidimensional
framework using non hierarchical clustering.
(Contd…)
 Daya Krishnankutty(1997),in her dissertation work on “Rural Road
Network Planning for Kasargod district”, conducted primary
household surveys to understand the travel characteristics of the rural
community and predicted the average trip rate of villages using data
from census reports and using multiple regression analysis.
 Prasada Rao, et al(2003) in their paper “Information system for rural
road network planning - a case study”,GIS has been used for planning
of rural road connectivity for a Community Development block and
the information system was developed for village and rural roads.
 Praveen Kumar , et al(2004) in their paper “Facility Based Network
Planning of Rural Roads Using GIS”, a computer based user friendly
rural road network design model was developed.
GRAPH THEORETICAL INDICES FOR
NETWORK EVALUATION
Connectivity Measures
Alpha Index - Measure of redundancy
Beta Index - Measure of completeness
Gamma Index-Measure of connectivity
Accessibility Measures
 Mean Associate Number: Gives the total
length of links needed to connect a link to
the most distant node
 Mean Dispersion Index: Gives the total
number of links needed to connect any node
with all other nodes in the network
 Circuity Index: Measures the directness of
route connecting two nodes
Components of GIS
REVIEW OF THE SOFTWARE USED
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN GEOMEDIA
GeoWorkspace
 Co ordinate system

Geographic
Projected
Warehouse
 Windows

Map Window
Data Window
Layout Window
Legend
 Feature and feature class

FUNCTIONS OF GEOMEDIA

Digitization
 Development Of Database
 Running Queries
 Buffer Analysis
 Thematic Mapping
Map Window with Legend Entries
DATA COLLECTION
STUDY AREA


Ottapalam Block
Mannarkkad Block
Latitude between 10021’and 11014’
Longitude between 76002’and 76054’
ADMINISTRATIVE PROFILE OF THE BLOCKS IN PALAKKAD
DISTRICT
Sl.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Total
Community
Development
Number of Number of Area
Block
Panchayaths Wards
(sq.km)
Alathur
9
127
372.25
Attapadi
3
37
703.23
Chittur
6
82
261.24
Kollengode
5
66
163.32
Kuzhalmannam
7
87
192.12
Malampuzha
8
109
468.04
Mannarkkad
9
127
482.35
Nenmara
6
75
741.35
Ottapalam
5
67
165.07
Palakkad
8
100
203.88
Pattambi
10
127
224.16
Sreekrishnapuram
7
83
219.41
Thrithala
7
91
172.16
90
1178
4368.58
Population
1991
2001
237679 253385
62033 66171
149821 158510
119886 123908
156657 166029
200281 223808
246877 289538
130450 135882
123806 137918
174065 196464
232425 266899
144928 161912
164254 183134
2143162 2363558
CATEGORYWISE LENGTH OF PWD ROADS IN PALAKKAD
DISTRICT
Sl.
No.
Category of Roads
1
Length (in kms.) of Road
Palakkad
Kerala
National Highways
141.000
(9.25%)
1523.954
2
State Highways
373.079
(9.86%)
3784.717
3
Major District Roads
794.026
(6.78%)
11711.264
4
Other District Roads
436.910
(8.22%)
5315.518
5
Village Roads
42.390
(6.46%)
655.993
6
Municipal Road
612.905
(7.96%)
7696.769
7
Panchayath Roads
6643.306
(6.97%)
95516
WBM-1
WBM-15
Earthen-43
Earthen-53
Bituminous-42
Bituminous-46
Distribution of Panchayath Roads
Ottapalam
Mannarkkad
Work-30.79
Shopping-12.89
Health-4.60
Social&Recreation-20.43
others-2.64
Purpose Wise Distribution of Trips
GIS IN RURAL ROAD PLANNING
 An effective tool for village and road information
system.
 Concurrent access to multiple users which provide
user transactions in an efficient manner.
 It is an indispensable tool for data storage in
planning.
 Spatial analysis capability along with thematic
mapping, network analysis charting etc are important.
Attribute Table Showing Ward Level Data Of Mannarkkad Block
Ward Boundaries with Facilities of Mannarkkad Block
Map Showing Existing Roads With Inventory Data in Ottapalam Block
Thematic Map Based On Population Of Ottapalam Block
Thematic Mapping Based on Accessibility to Krishi Bhavan in
Ottapalam Block
Thematic Mapping Based on Accessibility to CollegeMannarkkad Block
Thematic Mapping Based on Accessibility to High School-
Mannarkkad Block
ANALYSIS OF DATA
FUNCTIONAL PLANNING APPROACH
 Deals with the locational aspects of various facilities in a
well distributed manner to cater to the socioeconomic
needs for balanced regional growth.
 Prioritization of settlement is based on an index known as
settlement index or utility value.
SIi  Wxi
x
SIi=settlement index for habitation i
Wxi=weight for xth facility for habitation i
RELATIVE WEIGHTS FOR FACILITY VARIABLES FOR COMPUTING
SETTLEMENT INDEX
Sl. No. Name of facility 16
1. Demographic
1
Population
3000+
SC/ST
2
Population
900+
2. Educational
3
L.P./U.P.School 4
5
Tutorial/
Parallel College Higher
Secondary
School
-
College/
Vocational
6
Institution
3. Medical
7
8
9
Hospital
dispensary
MCW Centres
Veternary
Hospital
0
%
weight
Maximum for the
score
group
<500
16
750-900 500-750 250-500 <250
16
-
> One
One
Nil
4
-
> One
One
Nil
4
Yes
upto
kms
8
Weightage
4
2
20003000
10002000
2
Yes
upto
kms
2
Yes
upto
kms
-
Yes
-
Yes
/
5001000
13
2
2-5 Km 5 km+
5-10
2-5 km Km
10 Km
8
16
13
2-5 Km 5-10km 10 Km+ 16
upto 2
kms
2-5 Km 5 km+ 8
upto 2
kms
2-5 Km 5 km+ 8
13
PANCHAYATWISE LIST OF WARDS IN OTTAPALAM BLOCK
AND CALCULATED SI
Ward ;No
Panchayat
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Ambalappara
98
96
108
96
102
60
66
150
58
116
106
96
106
102
94
84
Ananganadi
84
128
122
72
78
86
102
92
88
70
88
114
102
80
100
100
98
122
108
86
98
110
90
Lekkidi Perur
80
110
102
100
94
88
80
92
118
112
124
108
98
86
Vaniyamkulam
86
104
112
84
146
112
90
88
86
78
110
116
58
112
Chalavara
92
ALL HABITATIONS IN
THE BLOCK
UNCONNECTED
PRIORITISED
HABITATIONS
CONNECTED
WARD INDEX
ALL CATEGORIES OF ALL WEATHER ROAD NETWORK AND
CONNECTED HABITATIONS
POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE LINKS
FOR MAKING CONNECTIVITY FOR
EACH UNCONNECTED
SETTLEMENTS
AVAILABLE ROAD
LINKS
SELECTION OF THE BEST LINK OUT
OF THE ALTERNATIVES FOR EACH
UNCONNECTED AND PRIORITISED
SETTLEMENTS
If not connected next
prioritized habitation is formed
OPTIMUM NETWORK BASED ON
EFFICIENCY AND ACCESS
REQUIRED BY UNCONNECTED
HABITATIONS UNTILL ALL
SETTLEMENTS ARE CONNECTED
Approach for Network
Connectivity
PREDICTION OF TRIP RATES
Trip rates are calculated using a regression equation
T= 60.797+6.156U1/2+30.518U1/3-130.189U1/4+63.269U1/5-
2.228 (log H) 1/2
Where
T= Trip rate of the ward
U=Utility Value or Ward index
H= Number of occupied households in the village
Trip Rates from the Wards of Ottapalam Block
IDENTIFICATION OF SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY
By Clustering
K-means clustering is done with the Utility
Value of the ward as input.The wards in each of
the
blocks
are
classified
into
four
clusters.Clustering is done in such a way that
within variance of clusters is less compared to
among variance.
Hierarchy of Settlements Based on SI for Ottapalam Block
Hierarchy of Settlements Based on SI for Mannarkkad Block
BY TRIP RATE
Trip Rate can be used as a criterion for
identification of settlement hierarchy.It measures
the intensity of activities within a settlement. Trip
rate frequency distribution diagram is used.
% wards
Cumulative Trip Distribution Diagram-Ottapalam
Cumulative Trip Distribution Diagram-Mannarkkad Block
CLASSIFICATION USING TRIP RATE IN OTTAPALAM
BLOCK
Sl.No
Class
Range in trip rates No. of wards
1
1
5.43-6.5
9
2
2
6.5-7.54
24
3
3
7.54-8.95
27
4
4
8.95-11.55
7
CLASSIFICATION USING TRIP RATE IN
MANNARKKAD BLOCK
Sl.No
Class
Range in trip
rates
No.of wards
1
2
5.38-6.22
32
2
1
6.22-7.41
49
3
4
7.41-9.00
30
4
3
9.00-11.34
16
Comparison of settlement hierarchy by Clustering and Trip Rate
Sl.no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Order of Settlement hierarchy
Ward code By Clustering By Trip Rate
1109
1512
1106
1107
1210
1204
1205
1509
1302
1401
1407
1201
1116
1503
1206
1308
1414
1508
1209
1211
1406
1507
1311
1506
1208
1408
1514
1115
1405
1102
1104
1112
1101
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Contd…
Sl.no
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
Order of Settlement hierarchy
Ward code By Clustering By Trip Rate
1305
1309
1413
1303
1304
1404
1207
1114
1105
1403
1501
1111
1113
1103
1307
1412
1310
1402
1510
1410
1502
1505
1513
1212
1117
1511
1110
1409
1203
1306
1411
1202
1504
1108
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
COMPARISON
METHODOLOGY
BLOCK
OTTAPALAM
MANNARKKAD
FIRST
SECOND
THIRD
FOURTH
BY TRIP RATES
9
24
27
7
BY CLUSTERING
11
25
24
7
BY TRIP RATES
32
49
30
16
BY CLUSTERING
34
46
34
13
PHILOSOPHY1 FOR NETWORK GENERATION



All higher order settlements are given connection
to the existing roads.
All lower order settlements which are not having
connections or having connections only through a
single branch of a spanning tree is given
connection to a higher order settlement or to
another road in the vicinity, whichever is nearer.
Inter settlement connections are given.
PHILOSOPHY 2 FOR NETWORK GENERATION



All higher order settlements are given connection
to the existing roads
All lower order settlements are given connection
to higher order settlements in the hierarchical
order as far as possible. If in any situations this is
not possible, then connections are given to the
nearest higher order settlement
Inter settlement connections are given
Existing Road Network - Ottapalam Block
Road Network Generated Using Philosophy 1- Ottapalam Block
Road Network Generated Using Philosophy 2- Ottapalam Block
Existing Road Network – Mannarkkad Block
Road Network Generated Using Philosophy1- Mannarkkad Block
Road Network Generated Using Philosophy 2- Mannarkkad Block
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE NETWORKS
Structural Properties of Ottapalam Block
Sl.no
Properties
Existing
E=90,V=82
Alternative1
E=116,V=99
Alternative2
E=94,V=82
1
Alpha
5.66
9.33
8.17
2
Beta
1.09
1.17
1.15
3
Gamma
37.9
39.86
39.17
4
Mean
Associate
Number
29.12
25.86
33.24
5
Mean
Dispersion
Index
14.57
14.06
14.49
6
Circuity
Index
1.63
1.57
1.60
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF MANNARKKAD BLOCK
Sl.no
Properties
Existing
E=90V=82
Alternative1
E=116,V=99
Alternative2
E=94,V=82
1
Alpha
2.09
4.76
2.79
2
Beta
1.03
1.09
1.04
3
Gamma
35.07
36.84
35.55
4
Mean Associate Number
Region1
Region2
36.99
31.76
20.01
25.62
34.97
24.88
19.64
17.48
10.87
13.85
17.41
12.49
2.56
2.58
1.64
1.93
2.43
2.05
5
Mean Dispersion Index
Region1
Region2
6
Circuity Index
Region1
Region2
Calculation of Connectivity Indices Using Geomedia Professional
METHODOLOGY FOR LINK PRIORITIZATION
 Based on travel demand
 By Sensitivity Analysis Using Structural
Properties
Additional Links with ID to be added to Existing links in
Ottapalam Block
LINK PRIORITIZATION USING TRAVEL DEMAND
Sl.no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
ID
25
7
9
2
24
6
8
5
10
13
12
26
17
4
1
14
22
11
18
20
16
19
15
21
3
23
Travel
Demand
21393.7
19115.2
18712.2
18597.1
18538.2
18424.2
18205.5
16902.3
16891.9
16514.7
16514.7
16289.8
15883.8
15856.7
15729
14691.1
14376.1
14102.8
14102.8
14051.6
13922.4
13922.4
13424.6
12931.4
12492.9
11685.9
Order of
priority
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
LINK PRIORITIZATION USING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Sl.no
ID
Mean
Mean
Circuity Order of
Associate dispersion Index
Priority
Number Index
1
24.03
13.49
1.54
1
24.35
12.65
1.54
1
23.82
13.08
1.54
1
24.01
12.78
1.54
1
23.99
13.24
1.57
2
23.99
13.24
1.57
2
24.08
12.98
1.57
2
24.08
12.98
1.57
2
24.08
12.98
1.57
2
24.63
12.85
1.57
2
23.95
13.21
1.57
2
24.02
13.99
1.58
3
24.02
13.99
1.58
3
24.02
13.99
1.58
3
24.02
13.99
1.58
3
24.02
13.99
1.58
3
27.98
13.21
1.58
3
24.01
14.04
1.6
4
25.01
13.28
1.6
4
25.05
12.89
1.6
4
26.46
13.98
1.6
4
22
9
17
25
24
1
6
12
13
14
20
22
3
4
5
7
8
26
2
10
21
23
11
25.48
14.25
1.6
4
23
15
26.48
13.96
1.61
5
24
16
18
19
26.48
13.96
1.61
5
26.98
14.05
1.61
5
26.98
14.05
1.61
5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
25
26
RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR RURAL ROAD
NETWORK PLANNING



Study the secondary data collected .
Prioritize the settlements by its Utility Value
Stratify the connected and unconnected
settlements into different orders by using
Clustering with input as the Utility Value of the
settlement.
 Rank ordering of settlements can also be done
by using trip rates.
 Provide connection of higher order settlement to
existing roads and lower orders to either the
existing roads or higher order settlements
whichever is nearer. Intersettlement connections
are given.
 Evaluation of the alternative networks generated
by using graph theoretical indices.
 Prioritization of links based on travel demand or
sensitivity analysis.
CONCLUSIONS




Literature review suggests that the development of rural
roads network linkages based on the size of settlement as
the sole criterion is erroneous.
The maps of two blocks of Palakkad district, Ottapalam
and Mannarkkad are digitized using Geomedia
Professional 5.2. The ward level information and road
inventory data are stored in GIS database which is used for
analysis.
The main advantage of using GIS in this study is to access
and analyze spatially distributed data with respect to its
actual spatial location overlaid on a base map.
The planning is mainly based on functional planning
approach .
(Contd..)




An index derived from a set of composite variables
consisting
of
demographic
,socioeconomic
infrastructural development and policy variables is used
to prioritize the settlements.
Two alternative strategies are proposed for rural road
network development.
Evaluation using graph theoretical indices indicates the
first alternative which recommends direct connection
irrespective of hierarchical order is suited for the study
area.
A methodology for link prioritization based on travel
demand or sensitivity analysis is suggested.
LIMITATIONS
 The study is limited to two blocks of Palakkad district
 The physical feasibility of the links should be checked
before real life implementation of the network .In this
study the physical feasibility is not considered due to time
and other resource constraints.
 The methodology for link prioritization did not consider
factors like cost,travel time etc.
SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK



By the effective utilization of the resources a strong
database in GIS environment ,the Village and Road
Information System can be built.This will be very useful
for problem identification, planning and allocation of
various socioeconomic facilities.
Physical feasibility can be checked using digital
toposheets.
An optimal methodology for link prioritization can be
made taking into account various factors like cost,travel
time,travel demand ,structural properties.
REFERENCES
 Daya Krishnankutty (1997), “Rural Road Network Planning for




Kasargod District”, M.Tech thesis submitted to Calicut University.
Khanna.S.K and Justo C.E.G, “A text book on Highway
Engineering”, Nem Chand and Bros,Roorkee
Kumar.A and Tillotson (1989), “A comprehensive Planning
Methodology for Rural Roads in India”, IRC Journal, Vol 9-2, pp 290332.
Lakshmana Rao.K.M and Jayasree.K (2005), “Road NetworkDesign Methods and Evaluation Patterns”, Indian Highways, April
2005, pp 33-53.
Mahendru A.K, Sikdar P.K and Khanna.S.K (1982), “Nodal Points
in Rural Road Network Planning”, Indian Highways Vol 10 -4, pp 510.



Mineetha.C (1992), “Generation and testing of Alternatives for
Rural Road Network Development”, M.Tech thesis submitted to
Calicut University
Minimal.K (1992), “Development of Land use Transportation
Models for Rural Road Network Planning in Thrissur district”,
M.Tech thesis submitted to Calicut University.
Prasad Rao, Kangadurai.B, Jain.P.K and Neelam Jain (2003),
“Information System for Rural Road Network Planning-A case
study”,
Map
India
Conference
2003.
www.gisdevelopment.net/proceedings/mapindia-2003

Praveen Kumar, Manoj Arora and Marem Sudhakar (2004),
“Facility Based Network Planning of Rural Roads Using GIS”,
Indian Highways, July 2004, pp 5-22
 Purushottam.Y.S, Murahari Reddy.S, Kesavan Nair.S and Mahesh




Chand (1993), “Scientific preparation of Master Plans for Rural Roads
in Andra Pradesh”, IRC journal Vol 52-3, pp 357-410.
Raji.A.K (1997), “Rural Road Network Planning through
Transportation Related Hierarchy of Settlements”, Ph.D thesis
submitted to Calicut University.
Ramayya.T.V and Anantharamaiah.K.M (1986), “Impact of
Transportation Facility on Economical Development in Rural Areas”,
Proceedings of the international conference on Transportation System
Studies.
Rural Roads Manual (2002), Indian Road Congress Special
Publication 20, New Delhi
Sikdar.P.K (2001), “Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana-A mission
for Rural Connectivity by All Weather Roads”, Indian Highways May
2001, pp81-94
 Sikdar.P.K, Neelam Jain, Pankaj Gupta and Kishore Kumar
(2003), “Geographic Information System in Transportation Planning”,
Map India Conference 2003
 Srinivas.N.S, Ramesh.V.N, Satyamurthy.T.J, Robinson.D and
Ramakrishnan.T (1992), “District Level Planning of PWD Road
Network-Palghat”, Indian Highways March 1992, pp31-38.
 Swaminathan.C.G, Lal.N.B and Ashok Kumar (1982), “A Systems
Approach to Rural Road Development”, IRC journal, Vol-42(4), paper
no.347
 http://www.censusindia.net/