Transcript Document

Definitions
A general definition of continuing training is: a further training
done by people that already accomplished their studies to get
new skills and capabilities (ILO Vocational training glossary of
selected terms).
In the specific Italian case, the expression continuing learning
refers to “the technical, professional and transversal skills
one gets working”( Ministry of Labour and Social Policies,
Ministry of Education, University and Research.)
We have to make a distinction in Italy when
we speak about continuing training, we
can make reference
• to continuing training for workers and
enterprises
or
• to specific actions turned to
entrepreneurship. Positive actions that
have entrepreneurship as beneficiaries are
not included, if only for a part, in
continuing training national policies.
Resources for continuing training in
Italy
Continuing training
Educational and vocational training
Continuing
training 18%
Educational
and
vocational
training 81%
ITALY’s DELAYs
• In the last ten years Italy’s yearly average
growth rate was1.7% compared to 2.2% of the
euro area and 3.4 % of U.S.A.
• The workforce quality is the most important
factor which determines the long-term state of
economy because it helps the introductions of
innovation, increase participation rate, allows
higher salary policies and support aggregate
demand
• only one-fifth ( 20%) of italian workers take
part to training activities compared to 40%
of the European average
• only 25% of Italian firms organize training
activities compare to 60% in of the
European average.
The causes can be found in some of the
following things:
• small size of the enterprises
• enterprises devoted to the local market
• workforce with little education
CONTINUING TRAINING POLICIES
Italian public general policies for continued
training can be divided in three groups:
• ESF( European Social Fund) through D1 and D2
resources
• national laws ( L 236/93 and L 53/00 "Provisions
in support of maternity and paternity, the right to
care and the coordination of city hours“ L.
215/92 and L. 125/91)
• Multi-sectorial Funds
Workers involved in continuing
training activities
40%
20%
Italian Workers
European
Workers
Enterprises involved in continuing
training activities
Italian Enterprises
European Enterprises
60%
25%
Italian
Enterprises
European
Enterprises
Three most important continuing
trainig policy resources
National laws
Interprofessional funds
ESF
National
Laws 13%
ESF
42%
Interprofessi
onal funds
45%
In addition to these policies there are also
• incentives related to the apprenticeship
contract which represents a further investment
channel for continuing training
• incentives distributed by the L 125 and L 215
expecially created for women and gender issue
• We also have a group of actors involved in ECT
as a not institutional level but, most of the times,
at local level: Chamber of commerce, Bilateral
bodies, SMEs unions and associations,
ATCs.
ESF
In 2004 the ESF transferred in Italy 282
millions Euros, recording a decrease of
13% compared to 2003. The strong
decrease in co-financed training in Italy
was due to:
• little retention tool for ESF customer and
capacity to involve new enterprises
• the possibility of using Interprofessional
Funds
NATIONAL LAWS
• In 2004 law 236/93 allocated 28 millions euros.
For many years law 236 represented, with ESF,
the only financial supporting channel to
enterprises training policies.
• During 2004 the Ministry of Labour laid down
two measures to allocate 46 millions euros
according to law 53/00 (law 53 developed as a
way of financing specialized individual training
through vouchers. )
The role of Interprofessional funds
Interprofessional funds have started to be operative since
2004
Beside The Ministry of Labour the I.N.P.S. (National
institute for the social security) was involved, as collector
of the compulsory contribution from firms and
responsible of the distribution of resources to the Funds.
Social and datorial partners, involved as main actors,
through interconfederational agreements created
organizations for promoting, supporting and financing the
Agreed training plans for firms and workers.
• Up today the Ministry of Labour has
authorized by decree 11 Joint
Interprofessional Funds.
• Each fund reflects the operative area of
the promoting datorial organization and so
the traditional issues of the
interconfederational agreements.
• The yearly resource flux to the funds is
estimated in about 300 millions euros.
Interprofessional Funds
Foncoop
Fon. Ter
Cooperactive workers
Tertiary, segments of commercetourism-services, lending financial,
insurance and logistics, dispatch,
transportation. workers
Fond.E.R
Fondimpresa
Fondir
Ecclesiastics workers and religious
firms adn enterprises with religious
mission
Industry workers
Tertiary, segments of commercetourism-services, lending financial,
insurance and logistics, dispatch,
transportation. managers
Interprofessional Funds
Fondo Artigianato Formazione
Handcrafts workers and SMEs
Fondo Dirigenti PMI
Industry managers
Fondo Formazione PMI
SMS industry workers
Fondo professioni
professional offices and associated
companies workers
For. Te
Tertiary, segments of commercetourism-services, lending financial,
insurance and logistics, dispatch,
transportation. workers
• thank to their promotional policies Multi-sector Fund
attracted a third of Italian enterprises
THE ACTORS
have a decentrated model, where actors different from the State run the
workers training policies
• Institutions: Central State, Regions and
Local Autonomies ( Provinces Authorities,
Municipal Authorities);
• social partners (Chamber of commerce,
ATCs, SMEs Unions, Bilateral bodies)
• the single firm and its workers are asked
for an active role in working out the
training plan.
TRAINING AND FLEXIBILITY IN ITALY
Continuing training is a very discussed issue
in the framework of globalisation, flexibility
an unemployment phenomena in Italy.
After the last new reform named Biagi Law
in Italy is appeared a crowd of flexible
workers
The 'Biagi' Law introduced new types of
employment contracts, such as:
• The Work-Entry contract (it) (also providing for a training
activity, and replacing the training/employment contract
in the private sector)
• The Supplementary and Occasional Employment
contract (it )
• The 'Project-by-Project' Employment contract (replacing
the Continuous and Co-ordinated Collaboration
Employment contract)
• Job-Sharing (it)
• Intermittent Jobs (Job On Call) (it)
• Staff-Leasing contract (it) (replacing the Temporary
Employment contract)
• Detachment (it) or Secondment, in the private sector
Continuing training for flexible
workers
• The only two instruments that flexible
workers has got in Italy for their continuing
training are:
• ESF
• LAW 53/00
The flexible workers are the big apartheid of
the training system
Gender Issue
The Central State adopts two different kind of instrument concerning the
development of women at work:
•
Law 215/92 (on about the women self-entrepreneurship and business start
up - This law promotes substantial equality and equal opportunities for men
and women in economic and entrepreneurial activities, and favors the
creation and development of women's entrepreneurship, also in cooperative
forms. The government assists with expenses for systems and equipment
as well as the purchase of services designed to increase productivity. )
•
Law 125/91 Low (on about the development of women competences and
women opportunity at work. Law 125/91 aims is to promote women's
employment and to achieve substantive equality between men and women
in the workplace )
•
Law 53/00 provides specific measures and has got an important role about
women-worker training
ECT In Italy
• Continuing training for
ENTREPRENEURS and self
employment in Italy is developed, as we
have seen, by some strategic instruments:
ESF Measure D1, TACs, Bilateral Bodies,
Chamber of commerce.
• for those instruments is very difficult to
have an unitary recongnition about the
total amounts of the monetary resources
that have been spent at national level.
TACs (Techical assitance
centres)
• Art. 23 of Leg. Decree 114/98 (Trade
Reform) provides for the establishment of
centres, on the part of trade associations
and other involved subjects, offering
technical assistance to businesses.
Functions of TAcs
TACs can perform the following functions:
• Technical assistance, training and continuing
education in the field of:
• Organizational and technological innovation
• efficiency & effectiveness of enterprises
• Access to funding, including community funding
• continuing training
• Safety and protection of consumers
• Environmental protection; labour safety and
health
• Quality certification of stores
TACs operated especially at local level, in
cooperation with Regional Authorities and
social partners, in different economic
sectors with funds that comes from the
private and public bodies. On of the most
important activities is concerning
continuing training of enterprises and
entrepreneurship.
Bilateral bodies
• Bilateral bodies are organisations that are set up
jointly to run matters decided between the social
partners as a result of the application of the
bilateral principle.
Bilateral bodies are at national and local level
specific instruments in the mayoralty
relationships. The shared tasks of the social
partners is to improve the competitiveness and
the productivity of the SMEs in italy.
Activitites of Bilateral Bodies
• to provides a service of inter-change
between demand and offer of work, with
the main objective to improve the
professional competences of the labour
force;
• to carry on active policy about workers and
entrepreneurs, safety and sanitary
compulsory lows, vocational and
continuing training.
• the bilateral bodies, are an important
italian instrument of continuing training,
that provide to the requalification and
specializzation of entrepreneur in all
economic sectors.
• They work with their owns funds that borns
by the compulsory contribute of the firms
associated.
Chamber of commerce, industry, handcrafts and agriculture (CCIAA)
• The mission of Italian Chambers of Commerce
consists in carrying out functions of general
interest within the private business system.
Each Chamber carries-out important function in
the administrative area (the most important is
“the business register”) offers enterprises a full
range of services to facilitate market intelligence
and skilled training, to stimulate companies and
businesses in innovative efforts and to support
business trade relations home and abroad.
The most important Services provided by the
chamber of the commerce at different territorial
levels:
• How to set up a business
• How to provide business with
informations
• How to train personell
Training By the CCIAA
• Training is one of the traditional tasks carried out by
Chambers of Commerce; they provide training either
directly (through specific services and dedicated
management) or through suitably established Special
agencies.
• The training initiatives of the Chambers of Commerce
target different entrepreneurial categories, ranging from
service sector operators (from traditional trade to
advanced services) to small entrepreneurs operating in
the manufacturing sector, managers of agricultural
activities, operators in the environmental and energy
sector, etc.
The users of the training services provided
by the Chambers system can be grouped
into two groups:
• namely entrepreneur and direct
collaborators of entrepreneurs
• Aspiring entrepreneurs.
The funds of Chamber of commerce
developed for training has got different
nature, private and pubblic.
Conclusion
There is a gap in Italy between politics - still
ruling the vocational training policies - and
economic processes.
• Economy has grown fast while school and
education systems are mostly related to
politics.
• Italian industrial system, based on SMEs,
is asking for appropriate vocational
training system. Actually in Italy do not
exist a system of continuing
enterprenuership training and for this
reason is not possible to have a complete
analysis on how much and in witch way
training is offered to entrepreneurs.
• Most of the ECT initiatives stopped at local
and regional level because there is not a
national coordination or a national body
that is called to provides to this kinds of
issues.
• However we can have a recognition of lot
of initiatives at local level, it is impossible
to have national statistic datas, unitary
datas and to make previsions and set up
any risen of planning or strategical actions
It is now indispensable to set up this strategiy based on this
main points:
NETWORK
• To create a network between the actors
involved at national level (ATCs, Trade
Unions, Social partners, Chamber of
commerce, Bilateral bodies) priority turned
on the issue of ECT. It's today important to
have integrated plan of actions in
continuing training programs devised ad
hoc for entrepreneurship.
It is now indispensable to set up this strategiy
based on this main points:
EXELLENCE MODELS
• To activate a data banks that at national
level can help operators to share excellent
and meaningful experiences and best
practises.
It is now indispensable to set up this strategiy
based on this main points:
ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING
CULTURE
• There is a specific need to create a
diffused training culture in
entrepreneurship class at national level,
and to do that is necessary to improve the
dissemination system, the monitoring
system the promoted system of ECT.
• In this case the most important protagonist
players are the SMEs Unions, called in first
persons to be active in multi-sector funds, they
are catching up their authentic mission. Multi
sector funds are important and strategical
instruments for the SMEs unions and for the
entrepreneurship, that because they are a quick
and ad hoc source of resources to improve
efficiency & effectiveness of enterprises, to
increase competitiveness and competences of
labour force and at the same moment to diffuse
a new entrepreneurial culture.