Transcript File
Chapter 3
EARLY HUMANS & THE AGRICULTURAL
REVOLUTION
OPENING ACTIVITY
What do I own?
What does it say about me?
What do these objects say about our culture?
What will it say about me
20,000 years from now?
HOW HISTORIANS GET INFORMATION
Archaeology is the study of the past by looking at artifacts
(objects made by people) that have been left behind. They
use these artifacts: tools, pottery, weapons, and jewelry to
learn what life was like in the past.
Paleontology is the study of fossils (the remains of plant and
animal life that have been preserved from an earlier time).
Anthropology is the study of human culture and how it
develops over time. They study artifacts, fossils and they look
for clues about what people valued and believed.
PREHISTORIC ROCK PAINTING
Lascaux, France
17,300 years old
Discovered in 1940 by 4 teenagers rescuing their dog that fell in a ditch.
EARLY HUMANS
Virtual Tour of Lascaux
http://earlyhumans.mrdonn.org/caveart.html
Why were these images created?
What do these images tell about peoples’ lives
back then?
ARCHAEOLOGIST DISCOVERY REPORT
Date of Discovery:
Location of Discovery:
What colors, shapes, and materials are used in this artwork?
What emotion does this artwork communicate to you?
From your study of the artwork, what hypothesis can you
make about prehistoric humans?
Label details in the image that support your hypothesis.
Explain how these details support your hypothesis?
From your study of the artwork, what questions do you have
about prehistoric humans?
click me!!!
EARLY HUMANS 8000BC-2000BC
STONE AGE
The early part of human history is the STONE
AGE
People used to make tools and weapons out of
stone
Started at about 2.5 million years ago
PALEOLITHIC AGE
This is the earliest part of the Stone Age
Paleolithic=old stone
So
this this is called “Old Stone Age”
Began 2.5 million years ago until 8000BC
*Draw a time line. Label the entire timeline
“Stone Age” and section a large section
“Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)”.
SURVIVING IN THE PALEOLITHIC AGE
Nomads
People
who move from place to place to survive
Traveled in groups of 20-30 members
Survived by “hunting and gathering”
Hunted:
buffalo, bison, wild goats, reindeer, fish
Gathered: wild nuts, berries, fruits, wild grains, and
green plants
FINDING FOOD
Men hunted large animals
At
the beginning they used clubs or drove animals
down cliffs to kill them
Then, they developed tools and weapons to help
them hunt (traps and spears)
Women stayed close to camp (near water)
Looked
after children
Gathered berries, nuts, and grains
THE INVENTION OF TOOLS
Hunting and gathering was their culture
Tools and methods to perform tasks
(technology)
First
used by Paleolithic people
Sticks, stones, and tree branches were used before
Learned about “flint” and creating sharp tools.
THE INVENTION OF TOOLS
“flint” technology was a major breakthrough for
early peoples
Over time they built
Spears
bow
and arrows
Harpoons
Sharp tools to cut up
plants
Scraping tools to clean animal hides
THE INVENTION OF TOOLS
By the end of the Paleolithic Age, humans were
making smaller and sharper tools
Needles
from animal bones to make nets, baskets,
sew clothing
Influenced farming tools and where humans
settled.
CHANGING TO SURVIVE
Climate affected how people lived
Shelters
Caves
Constructed
tents from animal skins, brush, & wood
Ice and snow shelters
Large bones from dead mammoths
Clothing
From
animal skins
FIRE SPARKS CHANGES
FIRE!
Provided
warmth
Provided light
Scared away predators
Ambushed animals to kill them
Sense of community (tell stories around the fire)
Cooked food (lasted longer and easier to chew)
Learned that friction produces heat/sparks
LANGUAGE AND ARTS
Spoken language
Before
people communication through gestures
Paleolithic people used words
To
communicate directions, feelings, and
information
Was constantly growing and changing
LANGUAGE AND ART
Communicated through art
Found in Spain, France, all over the world
Made with animal fat and crushed yellow, black, and
red rocks
Used twigs and their fingers to paint
Then they used brushes made with animal hair
People painted animals
Not sure why they painted
Good luck?
Record history?
Just to enjoy?
THE ICE AGES
Long periods of extreme cold
Began around 100,00 years ago
As ice sheets grew larger, the water level of the
oceans was lowered, exposing land
This
land connected continents Asia and North
America
Known as the land bridge
People were able to migrate from one area to
another
Watch the movie “Ice Man” or read the article
“Otzi the Iceman” available at
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/icemummies/i
ceman.html
Take two column notes while watching the
movie or reading the article.
WHAT CHANGES CAME WITH THE ICE AGE?
Humans had to adapt to the cold temperatures
Eating
more fat
Learned to build stronger shelters
Made warm clothing out of animal fur
Used fire to stay warm
The Ice age lasted about 90,000 years
Watch VIDEO about the ICE AGE!
NEOLITHIC AGE
This is the later part of the Stone Age
Neolithic=new stone
So this this is called “New Stone Age”
Began 8000BC until 4000BC
Biggest change is from “hunting and gathering” to
“systematic agriculture” (growing food regularly)
Label the section a large section “Neolithic Age (New
Stone Age)”.
WIDESPREAD FARMING
Year
Location
Crops
8000BC
Southwest Asia
wheat, barley
Southeastern
Europe
Nile Valley-Egypt
Central Africa
India
China
Southeast Asia
Southern China
Mexico and
Central America
wheat, barley
yams, bananas
wheat, barley
millet
rice
rice
corn, squash,
potatoes
6000BC
8000BC-5000BC
6000BC
5000BC
7000BC-5000BC
Domesticated
Animals
pigs, cows,
goats, sheep
dogs, pigs
chickens, dogs
EARLY FARMING
LIFE IN THE NEOLITHIC AGE
Settled in permanent homes
Located villages near fields and water sources
Oldest community: Jericho
Present
day Israel and Jordan
Established by 8000BC
Sun-dried brick houses with walls several feet thick
LIFE IN THE NEOLITHIC AGE
Another community: Catalhuyuk
Present
day Turkey
Established by 6700BC-5700BC
Mud brick houses close together
Front doors were on the rooftops
Decorated their walls with paintings
Had “shrines” (holy places)=religion was growing
Images
of gods and goddesses
Women giving birth
CATALHUYUK CONTINUED…
Grew fruit, nuts, and gains
stored
it in their homes after growing it themselves
Raised sheep, goats, cattle
Provided
milk and meat
Ate fish and bird eggs
Hunted too.
WHAT WERE THE BENEFITS OF SETTLED LIFE?
Security from weather and predatory animals
Steady food supplies=stronger population
More workers=could grow more crops
More crops available for trading
Specialization occurred for the 1st time!
Artisans (skilled workers)
Make weapons
Make jewelry
Made pottery and baskets to store food
Men worked in the fields and were the protectors
Women made clothes, bore children, prepared meals
WHAT WERE THE BENEFITS OF SETTLED LIFE?
Otzi, a group of Neolithic people
Iceman
Wore
a cape made from woven grass fibers
Traded for goods they didn’t have
WHAT ABOUT DISADVANTAGES TO SETTLED
LIFE?
Some tribes used their wood too quickly.
It caused desert –like conditions
People abandoned those areas
LESSON CHECK
What is a hunter-gatherer society?
What did ancient people gather?
Why did hunter-gatherer societies often have to move?
What technological and agricultural advancements
caused these early people to be able to stay in one
place?
How did the land bridge, which surfaced during the Ice
Age, lead to the migration of early people from Asia to
North and South America?
How did the agriculture revolution, the growing of crops
and domestication of animals, change the lives of the
Neolithic people?
END OF THE NEOLITHIC AGE, START OF BRONZE AGE
Advances
Toolmakers
created better farming tools
People began to work with metal (copper)
These
People
were better to create and use than stone
in Asia discovered BRONZE!
Copper
+ tin = BRONZE
Bronze is stronger than copper
3000BC-1200BC
It
more people used bronze
was not cheap, so most people still made stone tools
and weapons
BRONZE AGE
Civilizations emerged around 3000BC:
Mesopotamia
Egypt
India
China
Built around river valleys because
Fertile
land grew better crops and fed more people
Fish and water became available
Trade became easy through travel
BRONZE AGE
Cities and Government
Monarchies
Government
led by a queen or king
Created armies to keep order
Government officials were appointed to manage food
supplies and building projects
BRONZE AGE
Religions
Developed
Forces
Gods
to help people explain their lives
of nature and role of humans
were responsible for a community’s survival
Priests performed religious ceremonies
Rulers claimed that their own power was based on
the approval of the gods.
BRONZE AGE
Social Structure
High
Social Class
Rulers,
priests, government officials, warriors
Made rules and important decisions
Free
People
Farmers,
Bottom
artisans, and craft people
Class
Slaves,
captured from enemies of war
BRONZE AGE
Writing
Used
to pass information
Symbols in place of letters and words
Keep accurate records and preserve stories
Art
Enjoyment
Portraying
gods and forces of nature
Designed buildings for worship or tombs for kings