Transcript CHAPTER 5 Life in Society - Mr. Stolze, SHS Red Devils

CHAPTER 4
Socializing the Individual
Section 1: Personality Development
Section 2: The Social Self
Section 3: Agents of Socialization
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Personality Development
Objectives:
 Identify the four main factors that affect the
development of personality.
 Explain how isolation in childhood affects
development.
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What is Personality?
 Sociologists define personality as the sum total
of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that
are characteristic of an individual.
 What are some words to describe your
personality?
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Four Factors That Shape
Personality Development
Factors
that Shape
Individual
Personality
Development
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Four Factors That Shape
Personality Development
 Heredity –
Heredity
Factors
that Shape
Individual
Personality
Development
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physical traits,
aptitudes,
inherited
characteristics,
biological
drives
Factors That Shape
Personality Development
 Parents –
Heredity
Parents
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Factors
that Shape
Individual
Personality
Development
parental
characteristics,
such as age,
education,
religion, and
economic
status
Factors That Shape
Personality Development
 Birth order –
Heredity
personalities
are
shaped by
whether one has
siblings
Parents
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Birth
order
Factors
that Shape
Individual
Personality
Development
Factors That Shape
Personality Development
 Cultural
Heredity
environment
–
determines the
basic personality
types found in a
society
Parents
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Birth
order
Factors
that Shape
Individual
Personality
Development
cultural
environment
Recipe for Personality
 Using the four “ingredients” we’ve discussed,
what would you say the recipe is for
personality?
 How much (proportionately) of each would you
include in your recipe?
 What “cooking” instructions would you include?
 Do recipes differ from person to person?
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Isolation in Childhood
and Development
 Research shows that a healthy cultural
environment is essential for a child’s full
development
 Isolation can lead to severe effects such as
causing children to waste away and die or to
have stunted development
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Isolation in Childhood
and Development
 In a few cases, feral children (wild or
untamed) were found living with animals or
isolated from human contact.
 These children seemingly had no reasoning
ability, no manners, and no ability to control
bodily functions.
 Sociologists feel that this strongly supports the
conclusion that our personality comes from our
cultural environment.
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Isolation in Childhood
and Development
 Anna and Isabelle
 Studied by Kingsley Davis
 Anna
 Unmarried woman/hostile grandfather
 Foster homes, then consigned to attic room
 Minimal care, undernourished, almost no human
contact.
 At age 6, could not walk, talk, or feed self.
 Died at age 10.
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Isolation in Childhood
and Development
 Anna and Isabelle
 Studied by Kingsley Davis
 Isabelle
 Unmarried woman/hostile grandfather
 Confined to dark room with deaf mother
 Although she did not have other social interaction,
did have contact with mother
 After intensive training, reached social level of
others her age.
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Isolation in Childhood
and Development
 Genie
 Basis of documentary
 Discovered 1970 at 13 years old
 Confined from 20 months to small bedroom
 Totally silent environment, beated if she made
noise.
 After 8 years of intensive training, reached level of
3rd grade student, did not progress more.
 Still alive in adult care facility.
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Institutionalization
 Psychologist Rene Spitz
 In 1945, studied infants in an orphanage.
 Children were given proper food and medical care.
 Children were not held, hugged, or spoken to by staff
(efficient, but very busy)
 Confined from 20 to small bedroom
 1/3 of the children died within 2 years
 Of the survivors, fewer than 25% could walk, dress
themselves, or feed themselves.
 Led to conclusion that physical contact and human
interaction is important for social and psychological
development.
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Product of our cultural environments?
 Does the term Dalai Lama best describe a spiritual
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leader or an eastern religion?
If someone gave you some Lapsang souchong, would
you spread it on bread or drink it?
Is Lhasa a type of dog or a capital city?
In which country so you think yak butter is an
important part of the people’s diet – India, Russia, or
Tibet?
The English translation of the word Chomolungma is
“Goddess Mother of the World.” What do you think
Chomolunga is?
Product of our cultural environments?
 The Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader of
Buddhism.
 Lapsang souchong is a type of tea, therefore,
you would drink it.
 Lhasa is a capital city.
 Yak butter is an important part of the people’s
diet in Tibet.
 Chomolunga is a mountain, it is the Tibetan
name for Mount Everest.
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Harry Harlow
 Did research with infant monkeys on
how body contact relates to attachment
 The monkeys had to chose between a
cloth mother or a wire mother that
provided food.
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Harry Harlow
 The monkeys
spent most of their
time by the cloth
mother.
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Harlow’s Studies
 Insert “Harlow’s studies on Dependency
in Monkeys” Video #12a from Worth’s
Digital Media Archive for Psychology
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Harlow’s Studies
 Insert “Harlow’s studies on Dependency
in Monkeys” Video #12b from Worth’s
Digital Media Archive for Psychology
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Harlow’s Studies
 Insert “Harlow’s studies on Dependency
in Monkeys” Video #12c from Worth’s
Digital Media Archive for Psychology.
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Product of our cultural environments?
 With your seat partner(s), discuss and come up
with a list of seven similar questions about
American culture: things an American would
know, but that someone from another culture
might not.
 Write your questions on a sheet of paper to
turn in with all partner names included.
 Don’t share your questions with other groups –
let’s see how they do on your quiz!
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Section 2: The Social Self
Objectives:
 Explain how a person’s sense of self emerges.
 Identify and describe the theories that have
been put forth to explain the process of
socialization.
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How I see myself
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How others see me
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How Sense of Self Emerges
 Self is your conscious awareness of possessing
a distinct identity that separates you and your
environment from other members of society.
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How Sense of Self Emerges
 Through interaction with social and cultural
environments people are transformed into
members of society
 The interactive process through which people
learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and
behavior patterns of a society is called
socialization
 Many psychologists/sociologists have studied
the topic and have developed theories.
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Theories of Socialization
 Sigmund Freud – Interaction of id, ego, and
superego
 John Locke – The Tabula Rosa
 Charles Horton Cooley – The Looking Glass
Self
 George Herbert Mead – Role-Taking
 Jean Piaget – Cognitive Development
 Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development
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Sigmund Freud – Id, Ego, and Superego
 Each person has three parts to their mind/self
that must interact properly
 Id –responsible for satisfaction of physical
desires. Develops first in all people.
 Superego – conscience, encourages conformity
to societal norms and values
 Ego – resolves the conflicts between id and
superego
 If all do not balance, a person would have
socialization problems.
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John Locke – The Tabula Rosa
 Each person is a blank slate at birth, with no
personality.
 People develop personality as a result of their
social experiences.
 Moreover, infants can be molded into any type
of person.
 This theory emphasizes strictly environmental
elements in the development of
personality/self.
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Charles Horton Cooley –
The Looking Glass Self
 Infants have no sense of person or place.
 Children develop an image of themselves
based on how others see them.
 Other people act as a mirror, reflecting back
the image a child projects through their
reactions to the child’s behavior.
 Significant Other
 someone whose opinions matter to us and who is
in a position to influence our thinking, especially
about ourselves.
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George Herbert Mead – Role-Taking
 Self develops solely through social experience.
 People not only come to see themselves as
others see them but also take on or pretend to
take on the roles of others through imitation,
play, and games.
 Proposes there are two elements of self:
 “I” self initiates action
 “me” self continues, interrupts, or changes action
depending on how others respond.
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George Herbert Mead – Role-Taking
 Stages of development
 Under three years old:
 Lack sense of self
 Imitate others – gestures, actions
 At about three years old:
 Play and act roles of others
 Role playing – doctor, farmer, mother
 At school age
 Organized games
 Anticipation what others might do.
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Agents of Socialization
Objectives:
 Identify the most important agents of
socialization in the United States.
 Explain why family and education are
important social institutions.
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Agents of Socialization
 Family – most important agent
 Provides stability in
 Language
 Personality traits
 Religion
 class
 Although other agents may
temporarily become central, family
remains central throughout the
entire life course.
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Agents of Socialization
 Peer group – primary
group composed of
individuals of roughly
equal age & social
characteristics,
 A place where a child can
exert independence from
family
 Very important in
adolescence
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Agents of Socialization
 School -plays a major role in
socialization
 Provides education and
training
 Cognitive skills
 Indoctrination of values
 Knowledge in subject areas
 Broadens social experiences
 Exposes children to a variety
of social backgrounds
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Agents of Socialization
 Mass media
Books, films,
the Internet,
magazines
and
television,
not face-toface
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Mass Media as a
Socialization Agent
 Mass media include books, films, the Internet,
magazines, newspapers, radio, and television.
 Television probably has the most influence on
children.
 The effect of television on children is an ongoing
debate.
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Importance of Family as an Agent of
Socialization
 Unlike other agents, the family is a constant
influence in one’s life.
 Provides continuous frame of reference
 Helps internalize culture and parental expectations
 These help to direct the behavior of the adult child.
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CHAPTER 5
Chapter Wrap-Up
1. How has the nature-versus-nurture debate evolved?
2. What do social scientists believe are the principal
factors that influence personality development?
3. What does research on children reared in isolation
indicate about the effects of the cultural environment
on social and psychological development?
4. What is the role of self in the socialization process?
5. According to Cooley, how does a person’s sense of self
develop in early childhood and when does this process
end?
6. Identify the primary agents of socialization in the
United States.
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Socialization through Fairy Tales
 http://www.literaturepage.com/read/grimms-fairy-tales.html
 Working in the following groups, read and analyze your
assigned fairy tale. Discuss how the tale might help children
and contribute to their socialization.
 Create a storyboard that shows how your story helps to
socialize children. Include information about what lessons,
values, behaviors, and beliefs are transmitted by the elements
of your story.
 Be creative! You can tell your story in classic style, but you
may also rewrite the story, placing it in a new setting, time, or
culture.
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