Transcript A NEW APPROACH TO ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF …

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
IGEC-2
INTERNATIONAL GREEN ENERGY
CONFERENCE
SUITABLE ENERGY SYSTEM
DETERMINATION
FOR A UNIVERSITY CAMPUS
Prepared by :
IGEC-197
Olcay Kincay
Zehra Yumurtaci
YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
IGEC-2
INTERNATIONAL GREEN ENERGY
CONFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
Yildiz Technical University is established in 1911, and
today serves with;
• 9 faculties,
• 2 Institutes,
• Foreign Languages College,
• vocational high school and
•approximately 20000 students.
As the student number and required space increased,
Davutpasa campus is added to current campus located in
Besiktas.
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INTRODUCTION
Davutpasa Campus is located on a 1.312.500 m2 field and
has newly built and historical buildings inside.
Turkey’s largest techno park project is going on a 40 acre
area. Today, approximately 5000 students study in this
campus.
In time, as other buildings are finished, some other
departments will be moved to Davutpasa campus and
student number will increase considerably.
This campus also has closed and open sports halls,
stadium, and indoor swimming pool. Istanbul Science
Center is planned to be built here and 1 million people of
yearly visitors are expected.
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INTRODUCTION
Additionally, it is planned to have a campus where
education and daily life are combined with dormitories
and lodgments of 3000 capacity, social facilities.
All this data show the importance of this campus
(www.yildiz.edu.tr).
2004 values of electricity and heat consumption of this
campus show that the most suitable system to supply
energy is cogeneration system.
It will be possible to add cooling system and turn the
system into a trigeneration system in the future.
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WHAT IS COGENERATION?
Cogeneration is producing both power and heat together
where they both will be used. Working principle of
cogeneration is very simple.
Cogeneration system consists of an electrical generator
and a heat source. Dual production of heat and energy
together is known as “total energy”.
Known power generation systems have an efficiency of
about 35%. 65% of the energy potential remains as waste
energy.
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WHAT IS COGENERATION?
This heat energy can be used in industry, residential
heating and cooling and the total efficiency can get to
55%. As seen in Figure 1, with usage of heat energy, the
thermal efficiency of the cogeneration plant can be 90%
or higher.
Additionally, since the electricity generated by the
cogeneration systems used locally, conduction and
distribution losses are at minimal level therefore,
compared to a conventional electricity generating plant,
15 to 40 % economy is obtained.
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WHAT IS COGENERATION?
Thus, cogeneration systems are applicable on chemical
facilities, refineries, paper industry, food industry,
educational facilities and hospitals, large residential
facilities where heat and electricity are needed together.
Today, the electricity and heat power produced in
American universities is at 600MW level. In Figure 1, a gas
turbine cogeneration system is shown. (Yumurtacı, Z.,et
al.,2002)
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WHAT IS COGENERATION?
Fig. 1. Gas turbine cogeneration system
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System and Capacity Determination of
Cogeneration
System determination criteria for such applications are as
follows: (Aras, H. et al., 2004) (Aras, H., 2003)
• Electricity heat consumption structure
establishment and electricity-heat balance,
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of
the
•
Annual working time of the establishment,
•
Energy need level of the establishment,
•
Availability and feasibility of primary energy sources.
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System and Capacity Determination of
Cogeneration
The first two are the most important criteria.
In order to make a healthy plant selection, if possible,
annual, monthly or weekly consumption values must be
determined and indicated with graphics.
First the annual electricity consumption values are
analyzed and capacity is determined as a little lower than
this value, to prevent idle capacity.
Primary objective is to determine electrical capacity. After
the electrical capacity of the plant is determined, heat
production values are investigated.
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System and Capacity Determination of
Cogeneration
Another important feature of the cogeneration systems is
the quality of the useful heat. In case of gas turbine,
exhaust gases can be utilized as direct usage of heat. For
instance, drying processes in cement industry, ceramic
factories ( Hepbasli.A. and Ozalp.N., 2002).
Cogeneration plants are known to have a total efficiency
above 90% diesel engines and combined cycle plants
have a higher electrical efficiency, on the other hand, gas
engines, gas turbines and steam turbines are capable of
higher thermal efficiency values.
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System and Capacity Determination of
Cogeneration
Bound to compliance with maintenance procedures,
cogeneration technologies have a long working life
(Atikol.U. , et al., 2003).
Power values for different cogeneration systems are given
in Table 1.
After analyzing this table, gas turbine is the most
appropriate selection.
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System and Capacity Determination of
Cogeneration
Table 1. Typical Cogeneration Systems (Guide to Cogeneration)
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Prime Mover
Fuel Used
Size Range
(MWe)
Heat:Power ratio
Electrical
Generating
Efficiency
Typical
Overall
Efficiency
Heat Quality
Steam Turbine
Any fuel
1 to 100+
3/1 to 8/1+
10-20 %
up to 80%
Steam at 2 press
or more
Back Pressure
Steam Turbine
Any fuel
0.5 to 500
3/1to 10/1+
7-20 %
up to 80%
Steam at 2 press
or more
Combined
cycle gas
turbine
Gas,biogas,
gasoil,
LFO,LPG,Naphtha
73-90 %
Medium grade
steam high
temperature hot
water
Open cycle
Gas turbine
Gas,biogas,
gasoil,HFO,
LFO,LPG,
Naphtha
65-87 %
High grade
steam high
temperature hot
water
Compress.
Ignition
engine
Spark Ignition
Engine
3 to 300+
1/1 to 3/1 *
35-55 %
0.25 to 50+
1.5/1 to 5/1*
25-42 %
Gas,biogas,gasoil,
HFO,
LHO,Naphtha
0.2 to 20
0.5/1 to 3/1*
Alfa value 0.9-2
35-45 %
65-90 %
Low pressure
steam low and
medium
temperature hot
water
Gas,Biogas,LHO,N
aphtha
0.003 to 6
1/1 to 3/1 alfa value 0.9-2
25 - 43 %
70- 92 %
Low and medium
temperature hot
water
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Information about Cogeneration System
There are some points to be taken into consideration
while designing cogeneration system of Yildiz Technical
University Davutpasa campus. For instance; when the
system demand of electricity and heat are maximum,
whether their peak is at the same time or separate etc.
In this study, in order to analyze feasibility, it is
considered that electricity and heat demand is between
07:00 and 22:00 hours. These values will decrease in
summer season because the heat demand will almost
become zero. However, since there is summer classes in
the campus, decrease of electricity demand will not be as
much as heat demand decrease.
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Information about the Facility
Facility type: University campus
Elevation: 70 meters
Average temperature: 20 °C
Annual work hours: 8000 h / year (one year is assumed to
be 24 x 365 = 8760 hours)
Load factor: 8000 / 8760 = 0, 91
Fuel to be used: Natural gas
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Information about the Facility
There is no demand for steam at the facility; only 70-90
°C hot water is demanded.
Monthly distribution of the annual fuel consumption of
Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa campus (according
to fuel costs paid) is given in Figure 2. (YTU data, 2004).
Monthly distribution of the annual electricity consumption
of Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus is given
in Figure 3 (YTU data, 2004).
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ju
au ly
se gu
pt st
em
be
oc r
t
no ob
ve er
de mb
ce er
m
be
r
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
ja
nu
fe ary
br
ua
r
m y
ar
ch
ap
ril
m
ay
ju
ne
natural-gas
consumption(1000*m3)
Fig. 2. Monthly distribution of natural gas bills of YTU
Davutpasa campus
months
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Information about the Facility
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au
g
se us
t
pt
em
be
oc r
to
no ber
ve
m
de be
ce r
m
be
r
ju
ly
ju
ne
ap
ril
m
ay
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
ja
nu
ar
fe y
br
ua
ry
m
ar
ch
electrcity
consumption(1000*kWh)
Fig. 3. Monthly distribution of electricity gas bills of YTU
Davutpasa campus
months
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Information about the Facility
Table 2 shows the equivalent kWh values of the payment
values given in Fig.2 and Fig.3.
As it can be seen in this table, the moth that maximum
electricity demand takes place is December and the
electricity demand is 403.920 kWh.
Considering that the facility is working 20 hours a day and
26 days a month, the power of the system can be
calculated as follows:
403920 / 15* 26 = 1035,7 kW
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Considering that the system will be working at higher
power, electrical power (EP) of the system is selected
1155 kW.
After taking the alternator losses into account, and
selecting a standard turbine from the catalogues, the
turbine with 1204 kW mechanical power is selected.
Approximately 4-5% of this power is alternator loss.
Generator efficiency is 95%
Annual electricity energy (AEG) generated by the system
(8000 hours) is calculated as:
AEG= EP x working hours= 1204*8000 = 9.632.000
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kWh/year
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Table 2.Monthly electricity and heat consumption
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Month
Heat (kWh)
Electricity (kWh)
January
633822,68
120960
February
1103664,11
111283
March
991696,78
126317
April
733391,72
120960
May
101828,09
99360
June
21795,77
89543
July
16844,94
81489
August
4913,66
73440
September
11231,07
79920
October
17648,48
114480
November
2233038,50
120960
December
3521305,31
403920
Total:
9391181,11
1542632
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The system generates 9.632.000 kWh electrical energy
each year.
After the demands are analyzed, it is obvious that
electricity demand is high, and the heat demands are
lower. For such facilities, it is recommended to choose
a counter-pressure steam turbine.
However, the costs of a steam turbine are high and
operation and maintenance of such systems are more
difficult, thus steam turbine is not selected in this case.
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Information about the Facility
There is a steam demand by the industrial facilities
around the campus; therefore, any steam generated
in the campus can be utilized as profit.
Taking all these points into consideration, an easier
operational, multi-fuel driven system that has a short
installation process, a low establishment cost, and that
can easily start/stop must be preferred.
According to these criteria, from Table 2, a gas turbine
system is preferred.
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Information on selected gas turbine
After the explanations and calculations mentioned
above, the gas turbine with the technical data given in
Table 3 is selected.
The average electrical efficiency of the system is (ηe)
40%. Average thermal efficiency of the system is also
assumed to be (ηı) 45%.
The efficiency rate of the present boiler is 90%. The fuel
of
the
system
is
natural
gas.
(Z.Yumurtacı,
H.Obdan,2005).
All the cost calculations are conducted according to these
assumptions and data.
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Information on selected gas turbine
Table 3. The specifications of the selected Gas turbine
(www.turbomach.com)
Electrical Power:
kW
1204
Fuel consumption:
kW
4949
Turbine efficiency:
%
24,58
Exhaust gas flow rate
kg/s
6,45
Exhaust gas temp.
°C
500
Fuel:
*
A/B/C/D
Start system:
Generator Voltage:
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AC
V
400
A:Gas,
B:Liquid fuel,
C:LPG,
D:Medium/lo
w BTU Gas
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Specifications and the price of natural gas
Higher heating value of natural gas is= 9155 kcal/Nm3
= 38267,9 kJ/Nm3 (January,2005)(www.botas.gov.tr)
Lower heating value of natural gas is (Hu)
= Higher heating value x 0.90
Hu= 8239,5 kcal/Nm3 = 34441,11 kJ/Nm3
Unit cost: 0,438609 YTL/Nm3
= 0,04122 YTL/kWh =0,0556 $/kWh = 0, 324 $/Nm3
(January, 2005) (www.igdas.com.tr) ($=1,35 YTL)
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Specifications and the price of natural gas
• Specific fuel consumption of the system is: 0,235
kg/kWh
• Hourly fuel consumption of the system is: 282,94 kg/h
• Annual fuel consumption of the system: 2263520
kg/year
• Annual heat generation of the system: 10.827.519,63
kWh
Calculations according to these statements show that
there is no need for an additional boiler since the heat
generated from cogeneration is higher than the heat the
system consumes.
(10.827.519, 63 kWh > 9.391.181, 11 kWh)
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Operational economy of the system
Economy of electricity:
The amount not to be bought from TEDAS: 9.632.000
kWh/year
Average electricity price: 0,094 $/kWh (January, 2005)
(www.tedas.gov.tr)
Economy from generation of electricity: 905.408 $/year
Amount to be sold to TEDAS: 8.089.368 kWh/year
Buying price of TEDAS: 0,094 x 0, 8 = 0, 0752 $/kWh
(TEDAS buys approximately 20% cheaper)
Annual net profit of selling to TEDAS: 608.320, 47 $/year
Annual total profit of electricity: 905.408 $/year +
608320, 47 $/year = 1.513.728, 47 $/year
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Operational economy of the system
Economy of heat:
Economy from the heat to be generated at the boiler:
10827519,63 kWh/year
Annual natural gas saving: 1.131.760 Nm3/year
Annual saving of cogeneration heat: 496.400 $/year
Heat to be sold: 1.436.338,52 kWh/year
Natural gas consumed in order to generate that heat:
135.121,56 Nm3 natural gas.
Cost of that amount of natural gas: 43.779,38 $/year
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Operational economy of the system
Total annual operation income of the system :
1.513.728,47 $/year + 496.400 $/year + 43.779,38
$/year = 2.053.907 $/year
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Operational costs of the system
Annual Fuel Cost :
Lower heating value of natural gas Hu= 38.267,9 kJ/Nm3
Specific fuel consumption: 14.798 kJ/kWh, Fuel
consumption: 4.949 kJ/h
(www.turbomach.com)
m=515, 8 (Nm3/h) x 8000(h) =4.126.400 Nm3/year
Annual fuel costs of the system: 4.126.400 Nm3/year x
0, 324 $/Nm3 = 1.336.953, 6 $/year
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Operational costs of the system
Annual Service, spare part and oil costs of the system:
Annual service, spare part and oil cost of the system is
assumed to be 10% of the first establishment costs.
Annual service, spare part and oil cost of the system:
70.000 $/year
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Operational costs of the system
Personnel costs:
Personnel gross cost: 2 $/h
System supervision time of the personnel: 8350 h/year
Annual personnel cost: 2 $/h x 8.350 h/year=16700
$/year
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Operational costs of the system
Internal consumption cost:
Internal electricity consumption amount: 45kW
Annual internal electricity consumption cost: 15.000
$/year
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Operational costs of the system
Total costs:
1.336.953, 6 $/year + 70.000 $/year + 16.700 $/year +
15.000 $/year = 1.438.653, 6 $/year
As it can be seen, about 95% of the costs consist of fuel
cost. Therefore the unit price of natural gas has a great
importance. Especially in countries that are outdependant on fuel, the unit price has a great effect on the
case.
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Amortization calculation of the system
Total investment costs of the system: 700.000 $
(www.turbomach.com)
Net operational income of the system: 2090128, 47
$/year – 1.438.653,6 $/year = 651.474,87 $/year
Amortization time of the system: 1,1 year
All the assumptions and the resulting values are given in
Table 5.
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GAS TURBINE EMISSIONS
When the emission value of the selected turbine system
is analyzed, it can be seen that the system is
environment-friendly.
Since the system is located in a residential area, the
emission values must be at decent levels.
Emission values of an approximately 1.000 kW turbine
energy plant are given in Table 4.
These values are significantly lower compared to the
other fossil fuel plants. Today, there are studies to
decrease these values.
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GAS TURBINE EMISSIONS
Table 4. Gas turbine emission characteristics
(Environmental Protection Agency Climate Protection
Partnership Division, 2002)
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Electricity capacity (kW)
1000
Electrical Efficiency(HHV)
22%
NOx(ppm)
42
NOx(lb/MWh)
2,43
CO (ppm)
20
CO (lb/MWh)
0,71
CO2 (lb/MWh)
1,887
Carbon (lb/MWh)
515
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GAS TURBINE EMISSIONS
Table 5. Assumptions and calculations used in analysis
TECHNICAL DATA
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Unit number
1
Unit
Electricity Power
1204
kWe
Mechanical Power
1155
kW m
Electrical Efficiency
40
%
Thermal Efficiency
45
%
Generator Efficiency
95
%
Working hours
8000
h/year
Load factor
0,91
Average Temperature
26
Fuel Used
Natural gas
Lower heating value of the fuel
34441.11 kJ/Nm3
34541
°C
Kj/Nm3
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GAS TURBINE EMISSIONS
Table 5. Assumptions and calculations used in analysis
PRICES
Unit price of the fuel
0,324
$/Nm3
Cost to TEDAS
0,094
S/kWh
Annual Electricity generation
9632000
kWh/year
Annual Electricity demand
1542632
kWh/year
Annual heat Generation
10827519,63 kWh
10854509
kWh/year
Annual heat Demand
9391181,11
kWh/y
ear
ELECTRICITY-HEAT GENERATION AND
CONSUMPTION VALUES
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GAS TURBINE EMISSIONS
Table 5. Assumptions and calculations used in analysis
OPERATIONAL COSTS
Total Fuel Consumption
4126400
Nm3/y
Annual Fuel cost
1336953, 6
$/year
Annual oil+service+maintenance cost
70000
$/year
Personnel cost
16700
$/year
Internal Electricity consumption cost
15000
$/year
Total costs
1438653,6
$/year
700000
$
Net operational income
651474,87
$
Amortization
1,1
year
INVESTMENT COSTS
Investment cost of the system
AMORTİZATION TIME
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RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this study, the cogeneration system to be applied at
the university has shown a total income of 2.053.907,85
$ and a total cost of 1.438.653, 6 $.
The system amortizes itself in 1,1 years. Net operation
income of the system is 651.474, 87 $.
As the campus enlarges, the heating demand will
increase, the heat generated by the cogeneration system
will become more efficient, and the costs will decrease.
As these values are analyzed, the system is profitable.
The most important factors that determine the costs of
the system are electricity and natural gas unit prices.
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RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
As these increase the amortization period becomes
longer. One of the most important advantages of this
system is that it is an independent system.
In today’s world that the energy resources are decreasing
and the environmental pollution is rapidly increasing.
It has gained a great importance to use clean energy
sources and to use them more efficiently.
Especially in the developing countries energy generation
without being out-dependant is one of the first things to
be considered. In this study, the analyzed cogeneration
systems are leading systems regarding the efficient
resource utilization and environmental sensitivity.
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RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
As seen in the case study of Yildiz Technical University
Davutpasa Campus, although the investment cost are
high for a cogeneration system, the opportunities as
selling redundant energy and efficient utilization of
resources makes cogeneration systems attractive for
such applications.
Pre-design studies must be carried out carefully and the
demands must be fully evaluated. It is easily possible to
gain great economy using a cogeneration system that has
adapted present conditions.
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RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this study, cogeneration system is calculated using
2004 electricity and natural gas values of Davutpasa
Campus.
As the campus enlarges, some other faculties are planned
to be moved, constructions to be completed, and techno
park to be completed, thus, the energy demand values
should be re-evaluated in order to make a healthy system
design.
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THANK YOU
Prepared by :
IGEC-199
Olcay Kincay,
Zehra Yumurtaci
[email protected]
[email protected]