Common Core State Standards

Session 5 3-5 English Language Arts

Day 1 – Session 2:45-4:15

OUTCOMES Participants will increase their knowledge of: 1. the structure of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS); 2. the implications of the CCSS Anchor Standards; 3. the new Course Descriptions; 4. text complexity.

2

ANCHOR STANDARDS

3

Key Ideas and Details

1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.

2. Determine central idea or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas. 3. Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.

4

Craft and Structure

4. Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone.

5. Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g. a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole.

5

Craft and Structure

6. Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text.

6

Integration of Knowledge and Ideas

7. Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words.

8. Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, including the validity of the reasoning as well as the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence. 9. Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches the authors take.

Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity

10. Read and comprehend complex literary and informational texts independently and proficiently. 7

COGNITIVE DEMAND AND RIGOR

8

Webb’s Depth of Knowledge and Bloom’s Taxonomy

The CCSS standards incorporate Webb’s Depth of Knowledge and Bloom’s Taxonomy. The cognitive demand of the standards rises across the grades. 9

The “Demands” of the Standards

The cognitive demand of the standards incorporates Bloom’s Taxonomy and Webb’s Depth of Knowledge. The standards “ramp up” the demands made on student thinking.

10

Kindergarten 1 st Grade 2 nd Grade 3 rd Grade

READING STANDARDS FOR LITERATURE, Key Ideas and Details 2. With prompting and support, retell familiar stories, including key details.

2. Retell stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of their central message or lesson.

2. Recount stories, including fables and folktales from diverse cultures, and determine their central message, lesson, or moral.

2. Recount stories, including fables, folktales, and myths from diverse cultures; determine the central message, lesson, or moral and explain how it is conveyed through key details in the text.

11

3 rd Grade

2. Recount stories, including fables, folktales, and myths from diverse cultures; determine the central message, lesson, or moral and explain how it is conveyed through key details in the text.

4 th Grade 5 th Grade 6th Grade

2. Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text; summarize the text.

2. Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text, including how characters in a story or drama respond to challenges or how the speaker in a poem reflects upon a topic; summarize the text.

2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.

12

7 th Grade

2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of the text.

8 th Grade

2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to the characters, setting, and plot; provide an objective summary of the text.

13

9 th -10 th Grade

2. Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.

11 th -12 th Grade

2. Determine two or more central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text, including how they interact and build on one another to provide a complex analysis; provide an objective summary of the text.

14

BREAK 3:30-3:45

15

TEXT COMPLEXITY

16

One hot summer's day a famished fox was strolling through an orchard until he came to clusters of grapes just ripening on a trellised vine. "Just the thing to quench my thirst," quoth he. Drawing back a few paces, he took a run and a jump, and just missed the bunch. His mouth was watering and he could feel gnawing hunger pains. Again and again he tried after the tempting morsel, but at last had to give up.

Once a fox walked through the woods. He came upon a grape orchard. There he found beautiful grapes hanging from a high branch. “Boy those sure would be tasty,” he thought to himself. He backed up and took a running start and jumped. He did not get high enough.

17

One hot summer's day a famished fox was strolling through an orchard until he came to clusters of grapes just ripening on a trellised vine. "Just the thing to quench my thirst," quoth he. Drawing back a few paces, he took a run and a jump, and just missed the bunch. His mouth was watering and he could feel gnawing hunger pains. Again and again he tried after the tempting morsel, but at last had to give up.

Once a fox walked through the woods. He came upon a grape orchard. There he found beautiful grapes hanging from a high branch. “Boy those sure would be tasty,” he thought to himself. He backed up and took a running start and jumped. He did not get high enough.

18

What is right with “simplified” text?

• • • Provides for scaffolding for ELL students, students with disabilities.

They can become a foundation for understanding complex text as long as students have the opportunity to read complex texts as well. Gradated Text Collection – a collection of texts on a topic that advance in degrees of complexity. Some students may read simpler texts first, then move on to complex text (a form of instructional support). 19

• • • •

What’s wrong with the simplified text approach

?

Simplified usually means limited, restricted, and thin in meaning.

Academic vocabulary can only be learned from complex texts - by noticing how it works in texts, engaging with, thinking about, and discussing their more complex meanings with others.

Mature language skills needed for success in school and life can only be gained by working with demanding materials.

No evidence that struggling readers - especially at middle and high school - catch up by gradually increasing the complexity of simpler texts. 20

Gradated Texts

Article: Breathing and Its

True Role in Our Life, Health and Longevity

A collection of texts that increase in difficulty from simple to moderate to complex, around a common topic.

21

WHY TEXT COMPLEXITY MATTERS

22

Text Complexity - ACT Study

• Purpose: Determine what distinguished the reading performance of students likely to succeed in college and not.

• Process: • Set benchmark score on the reading test shown to be predictive of success in college (“21” on ACT composite score). • Looked at results from a half million students.

23

Performance on the ACT Reading Test by Comprehension Level

24

Performance on the ACT Reading Test by Textual Element

( Averaged across Seven Forms)

25

Text Complexity Matters

Texts used in the ACT Reading Test reflect three degrees of complexity: uncomplicated, more challenging, and complex. 26

Performance on the ACT Reading Test by Degree of Text Complexity

(Averaged across Seven Forms)

In this figure, performance on questions associated with uncomplicated and more challenging texts both above and below the ACT College Readiness Benchmark for Reading follows a pattern similar to those in the previous analyses. Improvement on each of the two kinds of questions is gradual and fairly uniform.

27 27

Text Complexity

Text complexity is defined by: Qualitative measures – levels of meaning, structure, language conventionality and clarity, and knowledge demands often best measured by an attentive human reader.

Quantitative measures – readability and other scores of text complexity often best measured by computer software.

Reader and Task considerations – background knowledge of reader, motivation, interests, and complexity generated by tasks assigned often best made by educators employing their professional judgment.

Reader and Task

28

Recap of ACT Findings

Question type and level (main idea, word meanings, details) is NOT the chief differentiator between student scoring above and below the benchmark.

The degree of text complexity in the passages acted as the “sorters” within ACT. The findings held true for both males and females, all racial groups and was steady regardless of family income level.

What students could read, in terms of its complexity - rather than what they could do with what they read - is greatest predictor of success. FCAT has complex passages and highly cognitive demanding questions. 29

Guiding Questions

What do the Common Core Learning Standards mean by text complexity?

What is a text complexity band?

and

How do we ensure the texts our students are reading are in the appropriate text complexity band?

30

The Common Core Standards' three equally important components of text complexity Quantitative measures

– readability and other scores of text complexity often best measured by computer software.

Qualitative measures

– levels of meaning, structure, language conventionality and clarity, and knowledge demands often best measured by an attentive human reader.

Reader and Task considerations

– background knowledge of reader, motivation, interests, and complexity generated by tasks assigned often best made by educators employing their professional judgment.

31

Where do we find texts in the appropriate text complexity band?

We could….

Choose an excerpt of text from Appendix B as a starting place: Use available resources to determine the text complexity of other materials on our own.

or…

32

Determining Text Complexity

A Four-step Process:

1.

Determine the quantitative measures of the text.

2.

Analyze the qualitative measures of the text.

3.

Reflect upon the reader and task considerations .

4.

Recommend placement in the appropriate text complexity band.

Reader and Task

33

Step 1: Quantitative Measures Quantitative Measures

Measures such as: • Word length • Word frequency • Word difficulty • Sentence length • Text length • Text cohesion 34

35

Step 2: Qualitative Measures Measures such as:

•

Structure

•

Language Demands and

• •

Conventions Knowledge Demands Levels of Meaning/Purpose

36

Common Core Standards Qualitative Features of Text Complexity Structure

       Simple  Explicit  Complex Implicit Conventional  Unconventional Events related in chronological order  Events related out of chronological order (chiefly literary texts) Traits of a common genre or subgenre  Traits specific to a particular discipline (chiefly informational texts) Simple graphics  Sophisticated graphics Graphics unnecessary or merely supplemental to understanding the text  Graphics essential to understanding the text and may provide information not elsewhere provided 37

Common Core Standards Qualitative Features of Text Complexity Language Demands: Conventionality and Clarity

        Literal  Clear  Figurative or ironic Ambiguous or purposefully misleading Contemporary, familiar  Conversational  Archaic or otherwise unfamiliar General Academic and domain specific Light vocabulary load: few unfamiliar or academic words  Many words unfamiliar and high academic vocabulary present Sentence structure straightforward  Complex and varied sentence structures Though vocabulary can be measured by quantifiable means, it is still a feature for careful consideration when selecting texts Though sentence length is measured by quantifiable means, sentence complexity is still a feature for careful consideration when selecting texts 38

• • • • • • • •

Common Core Standards Qualitative Features of Text Complexity Knowledge Demands: Life Experience

Simple theme  Complex or sophisticated themes Single theme  Multiple themes Common everyday experiences or clearly fantastical situations  Experiences distinctly different from one’s own Single perspective  Multiple perspectives Perspective(s) like one’s own  opposition to one’s own Perspective(s) unlike or in Everyday knowledge  Cultural and literary knowledge Few allusions to other texts  Many allusions to other texts Low intertextuality (few or no references to other texts)  High intertextuality (many references or citations to other texts) 39

Common Core Standards Qualitative Features of Text Complexity Levels of Meaning (chiefly literary texts) or purpose (chiefly informational texts)

• • Single level of meaning  Multiple levels of meaning Explicitly stated purpose  may be hidden or obscure Implicit purpose, 40

Common Core Standards Qualitative Features of Text Complexity Structure

       Simple  Explicit  Complex Implicit Conventional  Unconventional Events related in chronological order  Events related out of chronological order (chiefly literary texts) Traits of a common genre or subgenre  Traits specific to a particular discipline (chiefly informational texts) Simple graphics  Sophisticated graphics Graphics unnecessary or merely supplemental to understanding the text  Graphics essential to understanding the text and may provide information not elsewhere provided 41

Step 2: Qualitative Measures

Because the factors for literary texts are different from information texts, these two rubrics contain different content. However, the formatting of each document is exactly the same.

And because these factors represent continua rather than discrete stages or levels, numeric values are not associated with these rubrics. Instead, six points along each continuum is identified: not suited to the band, early-mid grade level, mid end grade level, early-mid grade level, mid-end grade level, not suited to band.

42

Step 3: Reader and Task

• • • • • Considerations such as: Motivation Knowledge and experience Purpose for reading Complexity of task assigned regarding text Complexity of questions asked regarding text 43

Vocabulary and Syntax

The educational implications of the measures of text difficulty include:

• Single biggest predictor of student achievement is vocabulary and syntax. • Need to be addressed throughout schooling (kindergarten through 12 th grade). Schools and districts should plan a coherent, intensive and systematic program for vocabulary and syntax. • Syntax is one of the most powerful predictors of difficulty.

• Some features of text are more important than others—syntax and vocabulary are an example of two essential text features to pay particular attention to during instruction. 44

What Complex Text Demands of Readers

• A Willingness to Pause and Probe • Students must be patient as they read complex texts and be willing to devote time to contemplation of the text • The Capacity for Uninterrupted Thinking • Time devoted to the text and thinking about the text exclusively - single tasking rather than multi-tasking • A Receptivity to Deep Thinking • Contemplation of the meaning of the text and not a quick response voicing an opinion based on a shallow interpretation (Mark Bauerlein, 2011) 45

Step 3: Reader and Task Ten Guiding Principles

1. Make close reading and rereading of texts central to lessons.

2. Provide scaffolding that does not preempt or replace text.

3. Ask text dependent questions from a range of question types.

4. Emphasize students supporting answers based upon evidence from the text.

5. Provide extensive research and writing opportunities (claims and evidence).

46

Step 3: Reader and Task Ten Guiding Principles

6. Offer regular opportunities for students to share ideas, evidence and research.

7. Offer systematic instruction in vocabulary.

8. Ensure wide reading from complex text that varies in length.

9. Provide explicit instruction in applied grammar and conventions.

10. Cultivate students’ independence.

47

Shorter, Challenging Texts

• The study of short texts is useful to enable students at a wide range of reading levels to participate in the close analysis of more demanding text.

• Place a high priority on the close, sustained reading of complex text. Such reading emphasizes the particular over the general and strives to focus on what lies within the four corners of the text. • Close reading often requires compact, short, self-contained texts that students can read and re-read deliberately and slowly to probe and ponder the meanings of individual words, the order in which sentences unfold, and the development of ideas over the course of the text. 48

Reflective Journal

Please take a moment to reflect on the instructional implications of text complexity.

49