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Chapter 16 Notes Domain Monera (PROKARYOTIC): - Archaea - Bacteria 1 Bacteria are very small 2 This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria 3 Bacteria are very small compared to cells with nuclei 4 Bacteria Bacteria compared to a white blood cell that is going to eat it 5 Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch 6 Evolution/Classification Bacteria are the most numerous and most ancient species on Earth Evolution has yielded many species adapted to survive where no other organisms can. Bacteria are grouped based on: Structure, physiology (function), molecular Composition and reaction to specific types of staining procedures. Eubacteria= typical germs/bacteria Archaebacteria 7 8 Kingdom Archaebacteria – Type, Structure, Functions Archaebacteria belongs to the domain Archaea (use to be one domain-Monera) Prokaryotes = unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus. Lack a peptidoglycan layer Have different membrane lipids than Eubacteria First discovered in extreme environments 9 Three types of Archaebacteria: Methanogens: Harvest energy by converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas Anaerobic, live in intestinal tracts Extreme halophiles: Salt loving, live in Great Salt Lake, and Dead sea. Thermophiles: Live in acid environments and high temps. Hot Springs, volcanic vents 10 Chemosynthetic bacteria use the sulfur in the “smoke” for energy to make ATP. 11 The red color of this snow is due to a blue-green bacteria 12 Nutrition: Same as Eubacteria! Reproduction and Growth: Same as Eubacteria! 13 14 Kingdom Eubacteria Types, Structure, Functions Can have one of 3 basic shapes: 1. Bacilli – rod-shaped 2. Spirilla – spiral-shaped 3. Cocci – sphere-shaped Staphylo– in grape-like clusters Strepto – in chains SHOW ME 15 BACTERIA PICS 16 Bacillus bacteria are rod or oval shaped 17 Coccus bacteria are sphere or circle shaped 18 Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape 19 Diplo-bacteria occur in pairs, such as the diplococcus bacteria that causes gonorrhea 20 Staphylo-bacteria occur in clumps, such as this staphylococcus bacteria that causes common infections of cuts 21 Streptobacteria occur in chains of bacteria, such as this streptococcus bacteria that causes some types of sore throats 22 Gram Stain Gram-positive retain stain and appear purple Have thicker layer in cell wall. Gram-negative do not retain stain and take second pink stain instead. Phylum Shape Movement Metabolism Gram reaction Cyanobacteria Bacilli, Cocci Gliding, some nonmotile Aerobic, photosynthetic autotrophic Gramnegative Spirochetes Spirals Corkscrew Aerobic, and anaerobic; heterotrophic Gramnegative Gram-Pos Bacilli, cocci Flagella; some nonmotile Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic Mostly grampositive Proteobacteria Bacilli, cocci, spiral Flagella; some nonmotile Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic autotrophic Gramnegative 23 STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA Structure Function Cell Wall Protects and gives shape Outer Membrane Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only) Cell Membrane Regulates movement of materials, contains enzymes important to cellular respiration Cytoplasm Contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds Chromosome Carries genetic information Plasmid Contains some genes obtained through recomb. Capsule & Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to Slime Layer other surfaces Endospore Protects cell against harsh environments Pilus Assists the cell in attaching to other surfaces Flagellum Moves the cell 24 No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm 25 Nutrition and Growth: Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Some are Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight for Energy Some are Chemoautotrophs. Many are Obligate Anaerobes. Oxygen = Death Ex. Some are Faculatative Anaerobes With or without Oxygen Ex. Clostridium tetani – Tetanus Escherichia Coli Some are Obligate Aerobes Ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Temperature requirements Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt. 26 These heterotrophic bacteria digest oil -remember oil is partially decayed plant and animal cells 27 Reproduction and Growth: DNA is circle or loop shape Asexual reproduction Reproduce through BINARY FISSION. Binary Fission is like mitosis but produce a COMPLETELY new organism! (Not just a new part of an organism) Can reproduce and grow very quickly – thousands of new bacteria within minutes! 28 BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION 1) First the DNA is copied 29 NEXT THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL DIVIDES 2) Then the two resulting cells are split. 3) Offspring are identical 30 In addition to the large chromosomal DNA, bacteria have many small loops of DNA called Plasmids. 31 Genetic Recombination Nonreproductive methods bacteria can acquire new genetic material. Method of DNA Transfer Transformation Conjugation Transduction Across cell wall and cell membrane of recipient (Griffith’s Experiments with mice!) Through a conjugation bridge between two cells By a virus 32 TRANSFORMATION This plasmid of DNA is new to the bacteria – added by transformation! Produces the glowing protein 33 CONJUGATION 34 TRANSDUCTION 35 Some bacteria cause diseases and are called PATHOGENIC. 36 Bacteria and Disease Disease Pathogen Areas affected Mode of transmission Botulism Clostridium botulinum Nerves Improperly preserved food Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestine Contaminated water Dental Caries Streptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius Teeth Environment to mouth Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Urethra, fallopian Sexual contact Lyme disease Berrelia burgdorferi Skin, joints Tick bite Rocky Mountain SF Rickettsia recketsii Blood, skin Tick bite Salmonella Salmonella Intestine Contaminated food, water Strep throat Streptococcus pyogenes URT, blood, skin Sneezes, coughs, etc. Tetanus Costridium tetani Nerves Contaminated wounds Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lung, bones coughs 37 Helicobacterpylori is the pathogenic bacteria that can causes ulcers 38 Leprosy is a bacterial infection that decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the fingers. 39 BOTOX – uses bacteria that causes botulism (spoiled canned food) 40 CHOLERA 41 DENTAL CARIES 42 ROCKY MOUNTAIN SF 43 LYME DISEASE 44 SALMONELLA 45 STREP THROAT 46 TUBERCULOSIS 47 Common Antibiotics Antibiotic Mechanism Target bacteria Penicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive Ampicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Broad spectrum Bacitracin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive – Skin Ointment Cephalospori n Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive Tetracycline Inhibits Protein Synthesis Broad spectrum Streptomycin Inhibits Protein Synthesis Gram Neg. tuberculosis Sulfa drug Inhibits cell metabolism Bacterial meningitis, UTI Rifampin Inhibits RNA synthesis Gram Pos., some Neg. Quinolines Inhibits DNA Synthesis UTI 48 Antibiotic use: Through antibiotics, many bacteria can be killed. Therefore many of the diseases are treatable. However, many antibiotics have been overused, causing bacterial diseases to become more difficult to treat. = Antibiotic resistance 49 Useful and Helpful Bacteria: Examples: Producing and Processing dairy foods like cheeses, yogurts, etc. Breaking down dead organic material in decomposition. Intestinal bacteria help produce necessary nutrients, break down food, and aid in immunity. 50 51