Transcript No Slide Title

Human Factors in the
Organization of SAR
Services
International Civil Aviation Organization
Air Traffic Management Section
Air Navigation Bureau
THE GLOBAL CONCEPT
ICAO Goal: To provide a world-wide SAR
system that will provide assistance to all
persons in distress regardless of
nationality or circumstance …
The fastest, most effective and practical
way to achieve this goal is to develop
regional systems associated with each
ocean area and continent.
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INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AND
MARITIME SAR (IAMSAR) MANUAL
expounds
• SHARED USE of ASSETS, and
• COOPERATION, between
government & industry,
civilian and military,
aeronautical & maritime,
ATC & SAR.
Some States have special
challenges.
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Regionalization provides
 standardized services,
 avoidance of duplication,
 access to shared,
more plentiful assets, and
 wider coverage at
contributory cost.
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ICAO UNIVERSAL SAFETY
OVERSIGHT & AUDIT PROGRAMME
Many administrations lack an appropriate
legislative framework, including:
 basic civil aviation law,
 appropriate regulations,
 procedures, documentation and
 guidance material
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Still deeper shortcomings…..
There is a lack of:
•qualified and
experienced technical
personnel;
.adequate certification
and licensing systems;
and
.authorities to oversee &
regulate service
providers and resolve
safety issues.
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lack of commitment by governments is
resulting in...
•an inability to recruit
& retain staff,
•job insecurity,
•low staff morale, and
•lack of adequate
support staff,
equipment and
facilities.
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AUDIT/EVALUATION FINDINGS
MOST OUTSTANDING NEEDS:
air law;
regulations;
operational documents;
committees of management;
letters of agreement;
equipment;
experienced & qualified staff,
training;
regulatory oversight.
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RISK!
…that some States’ interests may be paid
too little regard.
Enlightenment, sensitivity and humility must
be the cornerstones of global SAR
development.
The challenge is to provide for minimum
system requirements while preserving
national identity, sovereignty and cultural
distinction.
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Culture affects Communication.
beliefs and attitudes affect one’s interaction
with others, that is,
 how we talk to them,
 how we delegate,
 how we accept orders,
 how we negotiate differences of opinion,
 how decisions are made,
 how risks are evaluated, and
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 other aviation-related
issues
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To design an effective SAR
operations training course
requires
• the development of a communication
training course
• to include a segment on inter-cultural
communication
or
there will be serious risk of failure.
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regional air traffic control system
…will be dependent upon:
1. New technology,
2. New procedures, and
3. New practices
and the effectiveness of the way humans
and machines interact.
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Optimising the human operator/
environment relationship
1. by altering aspects of
human behaviour to
meet the demands of a
particular task
2. by altering aspects of
the environment to meet
the particular needs of
the operator
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Human SOVEREIGNTY
in the RCC
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Human-centred approach
...provides the operator with automated
assistance that saves time and effort.
The operator’s task is supported, not
managed, by computing machinery.
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HUMAN OPERATORS
…..are the ultimate integrators of system
elements …
This dependence is unlikely to decrease
and may increase in unanticipated ways,
so ...
UNDERSTAND AND ACCOUNT FOR
HUMANS!
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issues of an institutional and legal
nature
SAR is already
ahead of the game
with highly effective,
consensual
arrangements for the
Cospas-Sarsat
system.
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Technology
 changes role of workers from “hands
on” to thinkers and controllers and
 introduces new realm for error.
 Cause & effect
are more difficult
to find out.
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Two kinds of ACCIDENTS
INDIVIDUAL
ACCIDENTS
...the greater number
ORGANIZATIONAL
ACCIDENTS
•rare;
•can be catastrophic in
complex industries;
•recently identified;
•product of technical
innovations.
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The events in an accident chain:
are difficult to discern ahead
of time & therefore difficult to
control; frequently obscured
by time, tradition & the
common-place; BUT there is
a logic to them, and
safety can be enhanced
by timely adjustments.
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Defences
DANGER
Losses
Hazards
Figure 1.1 The relationship between hazards, defences and
losses
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Protection
Bankruptcy
Parity zone
High hazard
ventures
Low hazard
ventures
Catastrophe
Production
Figure 1.2 Outline of the relationship between production
and protection
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We are more driven...
...to produce than protect.
We have more productive skills than
protective.
To produce is more amenable to our
professional natures.
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Protection
Bankruptcy
unrocked
boat
Better defences
converted
to increased
production
Catastrophe
Production
Figure 1.3 The lifespan of a hypothetical organization
through the production-protection
space
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LAYERS OF DEFENCE
• to create understanding and awareness
• to give clear guidance
• to provide alarms and warnings
• to restore the system
• to interpose safety barriers
• to contain and eliminate the hazards
• to provide the means of escape and rescue
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SOFT APPLICATIONS
PAPER AND PEOPLE
• legislation,
• regulatory surveillance,
• rules and procedures,
• training,
• drills and briefings,
• administrative controls,
• licensing & certification,
• supervisory oversight and
• front line work force.
RELEVANT TO SAR
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LAYERS OF DEFENCE
• to create understanding and awareness
• to give clear guidance
• to provide alarms and warnings
• to restore the system
• to interpose safety barriers
• to contain and eliminate the hazards
• to provide the means of escape and rescue
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CONCLUSIONS
1. An arrangement of several regional
organizations could provide essential
elements beyond the capacity of
individual States;
2. Barriers & safeguards must be set in
place; they must be comprehensive &
mutually supportive.
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LATENT FAILURES
DELUSIVE because they seem
INNOCUOUS & BENIGN
• imprecise procedures,
• shortfalls in training,
• inadequate equipment,
• bad strategic decisions by regulators,
organizational managers or international
organizations
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CHERNOBYL
Valeri Legaslov: “After being at
Chernobyl, I drew the unequivocal
conclusion that the accident was … the
summit of all the incorrect running of
the economy which had been going on
in our country for many years”.
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Close attention needs to be paid to:
legislation,
regulatory surveillance,
rules and procedures,
documentation,
training,
administrative controls,
operator proficiency standards,
supervisory oversight.
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A safe and effective SAR
system in Asia- and the
world
International Civil Aviation Organization
Air Traffic Management Section
Air Navigation Bureau