Transcript Water for Everyone

Natural History of Stream
Invertebrates: Using and
Making Sense of Biotic
Indices, and Beyond
Natural History
• The study and description of organisms and
natural objects, especially their origins,
evolution, and interrelationships
caddisfly
sowbug
Natural History
• Some examples related to aquatic macroinvertebrates
might include:
– Ecology (relationships between living organisms and the
non-living components of the environment in which they live)
– Behavior
– Functional feeding groups
What Problems Must Macroinvertebrates
Solve Because They Live In Streams?
• Aqueous medium (tough to get O2)
• Medium that is generally moving
upstream-downstream
• Diel variation in physio-chemical
characteristics
• Seasonal variation in hydrology
• Connected to upstream conditions
• Linked to land-water interface
black flies
Feeding Groups or Guilds
• Shredders - Coarse woody or
plant associated materials
• Filtering Collectors Suspended particulates,
microbes, phytoplankton
• Gathering Collectors Deposited particulates
• Grazers/Scrapers Peryiphyton & fungi
• Predators - especially
invertebrates
caddisfly
stonefly
Some Guiding Principles for
Classification
• Everyone can classify objects
• Ways macroinvertebrates
may be classified:
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–
–
–
–
Functional feeding groups
Morphology
Locomotion
Microhabitat
Type of metamorphosis
Means of obtaining oxygen
Need for oxygen / Ability of
stream to provide that oxygen
net spinning caddisfly
Biotic Indices
• A way to classify based on
macroinvertebrates’
tolerance to pollution
– Generally this means organic
pollution
• Or that which affects oxygen
levels in the stream
Biotic Indices
• Some organisms require water with a
lot of oxygen in it
• Others have adaptations to obtaining
the oxygen they need
Adaptations for Obtaining
Oxygen
Morphological
– Tubes
– Soft tissue between
segments & gills
– Hair-like/Plate-like wings
Behavioral
- Body pumping
- Swimming to surface
- Construct burrows or
tubes
Biotic Indices
• Assign pollution tolerance values to organisms based on
their oxygen needs
• Order level
• Fairly Simple: Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor
• Tolerance values 1, 2, 3 and 4
# Group 1 * tolerance value (4)=
# Group 2 * tolerance value (3)=
# Group 3 * tolerance value (2)=
# Group 4 * tolerance value (1)=
SUM A
• SUM B/SUM A = Biotic Index Score
SUM B
Biotic Indices
•
•
•
•
More tricky: Excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair, Poor, Very Poor
Weighted average: Each individual is counted (rather than just
counting types)
Tolerance values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
If 100 organisms in sample…
Number of inverts in family
1
10
16
14
5
39
5
10
100
•
•
* tolerance
*9
=
*8
=
*7
=
*6
=
*5
=
*4
=
*3
=
*2
=
9
80
112
84
25
156
15
20
501
Answer: 501/100 = 5.01
Gives specific types of macroinvertebrates individual credit for being
in the stream
Diversity of Families
of Aquatic Insects in Wisconsin
• Generally find 10 Orders
• Approximately 89 Families
water penny
riffle beetle
Order
Common Name
Number of
Families
Diptera
Trichoptera
Ephemeroptera
Flies
Caddisflies
Mayflies
19
14
13
Coleoptera
Hemiptera
Beetles
True Bugs
11
11
Odonata
Dragonflies and
Damselflies
Stoneflies
Fishflies,
Hellgrammites, and
Alderflies
Aquatic Moths
Spongflies
9
Plecoptera
Megaloptera
Lepidoptera
Neuroptera
8
2
1
1
What are tolerances, feeding
strategies, and presence of
different families in Wisconsin
streams like?
Mayflies use abdominal gills to obtain
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oxygen
Family
Tolerance
Feeding Guild
Baetidae
Moderate
Collector/Scraper
Baetiscidae
Low
Collector
Caenidae
High
Collector/Scraper
Ephemerellidae
Low
Collector
Ephemeridae
Moderate
Collector
Heptageniidae
Moderate
Scraper
Isonychiidae
Low
Filterer
Leptophlebidae
Low
Collector
Metretopidae
Low
Predator/Collector
Polymitarcyidae
Low
Collector/Filterer
Potamanthidae
Moderate
Collector/Filterer
Siphlonuridae
High
Collector
Representative Mayflies
armored mayfly
Hexagenia
flathead mayfly
prong gill mayfly adult
Dragonflies obtain oxygen through soft
tissue between plates; Damselflies use
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leaf-like abdominal gills
Family
Damselflies
Tolerance
Feeding Guild
Calopterygidae
Coenagrionidae
Moderate
High
Predator
Predator
Lestidae
High
Predator
Aeshnidae
Low
Predator
Cordulegastridae
Gomphidae
Libellulidae
Low
Low
High
Predator
Predator
Predator
Dragonflies
Representative Dragonflies &
Damselflies
broadwing damselfly larva
broadwing damselfly adult
darner dragonfly larva
darner dragonfly adult
Stoneflies use thoracic gills to obtain
oxygen
Family
Tolerance
Feeding Guild
Capniidae
Chloroperlidae
Leuctridae
Low
Low
Low
Shredder
Predator
Shredder
Nemouridae
Perlidae
Perlodidae
Pternarcyidae
Low
Low
Low
Low
Shredder
Predator
Predator
Shredder
Taeniopterygidae
Low
Shredder
Representative Stoneflies
perlodid stonefly
common stonefly
True bugs may use atmospheric oxygen or may use
hair-like or tube-like modifications on their abdomens
Family
Tolerance
Feeding Guild
Belostomatidae
High
Predator
Corixidae
High
Collector
Gelastocoridae
????
Predator
Gerridae
????
Predator
Hebridae
????
Predator
Hydromedtridae
????
Predator
Mesoveliidae
????
Predator
Naucoridae
Moderate
Predator
Nepidae
High
Predator
Notonectidae
????
Predator
Pleidae
????
Predator
Salididae
????
Predator
Veliidae
Moderate
Predator
Representative True Bugs
giant water bug
water scorpion
water strider
back swimmer
Dobsonflies, fishflies, hellgrammites, and
alderflies obtain oxygen through
diffusion across soft tissue
Family
Tolerance
Feeding Guild
Corydalidae
Sialidae
????
Moderate
Predator
Predator
Spongillaflies obtain oxygen through
diffusion across soft tissue
Family
Tolerance
Feeding Guild
Sisyridae
????
Predator
Representative Hellgrammites or Alderflies (Top) &
Spongillaflies (Bottom)
hellgrammite
spongillafly
Alderfly larva
adult alderfly
Caddisflies obtain oxygen through diffusion
across soft tissues and sometimes with gills
and pumping water through case
Family
Tolerance
Feeding Guild
Brachycentridae
Low
Collectors/Filterer/
Shredder
Glossosomatidae
Low
Scraper
Helicopsychidae
Low
Scraper
Hydropsychidae
Moderate
Collector/Filterer
Hydroptilidae
Moderate
Scraper
Lepidostomatidae
Low
Shredder
Leptoceridae
Moderate
Collector/Shredder
Limnephilidae
Moderate
Shredder
Caddisflies obtain oxygen through diffusion
across soft tissues and sometimes with gills
and pumping water through case
Family
Tolerance
Feeding Guild
Molannidae
High
Scraper/Collector
Odontoceridae
Low
Scraper
Philopotamidae
Low
Collector/Filterer
Phryganeidae
Moderate
Predator/Herbivore
Polycentropodidae
High
Collector/Filterer/
Predator
Psychomyiidae
Low
Collector
Rhyacophillidae
Low
Predator
Sericostomatidae
Low
Shredder
Uenoidae
Low
Scraper
Representative Caddisflies
humpless casemaker caddisfly
saddlecase maker caddisfly
net spinning caddisfly
Aquatic moths obtain oxygen through
diffusion across soft tissue
Family
Tolerance
Feeding Guild
Pyralidae
Moderate
Shredder
Beetles obtain oxygen through diffusion
across soft tissues and from the atmosphere
through modified hairs and plate-like wings
Family
Tolerance
Feeding Guild
Dryopidae
Moderate
Scraper
Dytiscidae
Moderate
Predator
Elmidae
Moderate
Scraper
Gyrinidae
Moderate
Predator
Haliplidae
High
Shredder
Hydrophilidae
Moderate
Predator/Collector
Psephenidae
Moderate
Scraper
Scirtidae
High
Scraper/Shredder/
Collector
Representative Beetles
Riffle beetle adult
Flies obtain oxygen through diffusion across
soft tissues including abdominal gills and
atmospheric oxygen through breathing tubes
Family
Tolerance
Feeding Guild
Athericidae
Low
Predator
Blepharicidae
Low
Scraper
Ceratopogonidae
Moderate
Predator
Chaoboridae
High
Predator
Chironomidae
Moderate-High
All guilds
Culicidae
High
Collector/Filterer
Dixidae
Low
Collector
Dolichopodidae
Moderate
Predator
Empididae
Moderate
Predator
Ephydridae
Moderate
All guilds
Flies obtain oxygen through diffusion across
soft tissues including abdominal gills and
atmospheric oxygen through breathing tubes
Family
Tolerance
Feeding Guild
Muscidae
Moderate
Predator
Psychodidae
High
Collector
Ptychopteridae
High
Collector
Sciomyzidae
Moderate
Predator
Simuliidae
Moderate
Filterer
Stratomyidae
High
Collector
Syriphidae
High
Collector
Tabanidae
Moderate
Predator
Tipulidae
Low
Shredder/Predator/
Collector
Representative Flies
midge larva
midge adult
cranefly larva
Long term sampling
Biotic Indices aren’t the
only solution
• Diversity indices
• Richness (# species)
• Feeding guilds
• Don’t forget to think about scale…
Hours Days Weeks Months Years Decades Centuries
Figure 2. Scale of Sampling and Analysis in Streams
Ecosystem/Biome
Watershed
Ecosystem
Reach
Community/Ecosystem
Pool-Riffle Sequence
Population/Community
Microhabitat
Individual Organism,
Particle or Grain
Millimeters
Meters
Kilometers
Sq. Kilometers
Thought Question:
What spatial and temporal scale would you choose
to sample to determine changes in populations
(number of individuals of the same species in a
given area)?