Transcript Document

The Need for Independent Senior Housing
With Krakow as a Test Market
Gretchen E. Garniss
ERES - June 2010
Independent Senior Housing
Goals of this presentation
 The senior population in Poland will be increasing substantially
over the next 30 years;
 This population is living longer, healthier and is more active
over a longer period of time;
 Current senior housing options are not meeting the needs of this
growing population;
 Changing family dynamics are enabling and encouraging
alternative living situations;
 With Krakow as the test market, this presentation will show that
the demographic and cultural shifts in Polish society are not
only enabling a new type of housing but are fueling its demand.
Independent Senior Housing
DEMOGRAPHY
Population: Age 0-14 (%)
Population: Age 65 + (%)
Urban population (000s)
Rural population (000s)
Urbanization level(%)
Household total number (000s)
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
25.5
9.4
22,314
14,889
60.0
25.1
10.1
23,570
14,549
61.8
12,243
22.9
11.0
24,543
14,014
63.7
12,970
20.5
11.7
25,389
13,337
65.6
13,800
19.7
11.9
26,331
12,669
67.5
14,432
20.4
11.4
27,367
12,019
69.5
14,853
20.7
12.6
28,383
11,350
71.4
15,345
20.4
14.6
29,268
10,642
73.3
15,946
19.7
16.4
30,022
9,950
75.1
16,618
1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 2020-2025
Life expectancy at birth: M (yrs)
66.9
66.7
66.7
67.7
68.7
69.7
70.6
71.7
Life expectancy at birth: F (yrs)
75.4
75.7
75.7
76.5
77.3
78.1
78.6
79.1
Total population growth rate (%)
0.49
0.23
0.09
0.14
0.20
0.18
0.09
0.03
Urban population growth rate (%)
1.10
0.81
0.68
0.73
0.77
0.73
0.61
0.51
Rural population growth rate (%)
-0.46
-0.75
-0.99
-1.03
-1.05
-1.15
-1.29
-1.34
Source: http://web.archive.org/web/20050309092014/http://www.unhabitat.org/habrdd/conditions/easteurope/poland.htm
Independent Senior Housing
Men
Women
Table: Demographic Research,
Volume 17 Article 11, Nov. 2007,
page 302
Independent Senior Housing
Alternative Housing Models
For purposes of this presentation, independent senior housing will
be defined as follows:
” … housing that is restricted to older adults, usually age 50 and
over. These facilities represent a tenant-landlord relationship. This
type of housing generally includes one or more of the following
supportive services: meals, housekeeping, some assistance with
personal care, transportation, socialization activities, laundry,
resident/service coordinator who helps residents access other
services and programs from community-based agencies.
Personal/home care services through a licensed home care agency
are usually available at an extra cost.”
Independent Senior Housing
Current Housing Situation
The significance of housing is stressed by numerous laws and legal
documents including the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.
Article 75 clause 1 of the Constitution commits the public
authorities to carry out a policy which should:
“satisfy housing needs of the citizens, and particularly to combat
homelessness, promote development of social housing and support
citizens’ actions aimed at acquisition of a dwelling by each
citizen”.
Independent Senior Housing
Current Housing Situation, continued

Housing development has four aspects
– Individual
– Social
– Material
– Economic
 Affects number of marriages and children born
Independent Senior Housing
Current Housing situation, continued

Post War policy
– Housing is public property built by state
– Built for advancing state policy
– Construction was wasteful and inefficient, low quality
– During the 1980’s - housing completions down 45%,
investment down 20%
– By late 1980’s – 15-20 year wait to buy a house/apartment
Independent Senior Housing
Current Housing Situation, continued

Poor construction and quality of Soviet development
 By 1990’s – still needed over 1.8 million units to meet demand
 Old inventory – 45% of stock needs significant renovation
 By mid 1990’s – 90% housing development was private
 Privately built units contained significantly more living area
(61.6 meters (state built) v. 116.9 meters (privately built))
Independent Senior Housing
Current Housing Situation, continued
 3 basic categories of Polish housing units
– Pre-war
– Post war
– Polish modern
Independent Senior Housing
Current Housing Situation, continued
Pre-War Units
– Urban locations, 3-5 stories
– Tend to be old homes of Poles divided into apartments
– Little updating over the years
– Old heating, electric, plumbing
– Ownership issues
Independent Senior Housing
Current Housing Situation, continued
Post-War Units
– Suburban locations, 5-15 stories
– Soviet construction – poor quality
– 1/3 of all Poles live in this housing
– Previously state owned and operated
– Municipalities have little money
– Maintenance and repair issues
– Not energy efficient
– Low rents – many seniors
Independent Senior Housing
Current Housing Situation, continued
Modern Units
– Ex-urban, suburban locations, 3-7 stories
– Late 1980’s to present
– Energy efficient, modern amenity
– More open space
– Underground parking
– Professional onsite management
– Targeting upper income residents
Garden Residence Apartments new construction in southern Krakow
Independent Senior Housing
Current Housing Situation, continued
 The Future
– Need more units targeting low to middle incomes
– Need more specialized units
– Need variety of housing units/prices for economic and social
reasons
– Heterogeneous communities
Independent Senior Housing
Image of Seniors





Perception old age vary depending on current age/gender
“Older you get, younger you feel”
Many seniors live on their own and are satisfied
87% seniors have children with regular contact
Healthier lifestyle
– Positive changes in nutrition, alcohol consumption and
preventative medicine
Independent Senior Housing
Families and Seniors

Traditionally family cares for seniors
 Now families not living as close together as previous
generations (different cities/countries)
 Time, money, space issues with families
 3 stages of seniors moving into new housing arrangements
– Retired, can move to where they want (e.g. warm climate)
– Triggered by in ability to live due to death of spouse or
chronic disabilities, in need of basic assistance (e.g.
medication management)
– Institutional setting (e.g. severe disability)
Independent Senior Housing
Current Krakow senior housing options
– Public housing units – poor quality, long waits
– Nursing home units – expensive, long waits
 Has services independent seniors do not need
 70% of monthly income for rent
 Avg. monthly retiree income in 2008 - 2,067 złoty
 Avg. monthly pensioner income in 2008 - 1,545 złoty
 Nursing home rents - 1,990 złoty - 4,400 złoty per month
 Senior pays out of pocket - 1,393 złoty - 3,080 złoty
 Family has to make up difference in rent
Independent Senior Housing
Renovated one person room at a nursing home in Prądnik Biały.
Independent Senior Housing
Conclusions

Demographics show significantly increasing number of seniors
over the next 30 years
 Seniors are living longer and healthier than in previous
generations
 Current housing is not meeting needs of seniors
 Family dynamics are changing enabling new housing options to
be considered and developed
 Keeping seniors independent longer puts less stress on current
systems
 Combination of above show need
Independent Senior Housing
Works Cited
Household Budget Surveys in 2008, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw
http://www.unece.org/highlights/what_ECE_does/English/0726054_UNECE_AG
EING.pdf
http://www.lifespan-roch.org/senior-housing-options.htm
United States Library of Congress
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pl0089)
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pl0076)
http://web.archive.org/web/20050309092014/http://www.unhabitat.org/habrdd/con
ditions/easteurope/poland.htm
Stochastic forecast of the population of Poland, 2005 – 2050 (Anna
Matysiak, Beata Nowok, http://www.demographicresearch.org/Volumes/Vol17/11/
Independent Senior Housing
http://pewresearch.org/about/projects/
Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Science, Senior citizens tend to feel about
13 years younger than their chronological age
Pestoff, Victor A., editor. “Reforming Social Services in Central and Eastern
Europe – An Eleven Nation Report.” Cracow Academy of Economics, 1995
(publisher).
Denton, Margaret, Ph.D. & Kusch, Karen, Ph.D. “Well-Being Throughout the
Senior Years: An Issues Paper on Key Events and Transitions in Later Life”, The
Expert Roundtable on Seniors
Adam Kozierkiewicz, Krystyna Czarniecka, Katarzyna Szczerbinska, Andrzej
Ryś. “Identification of different types of long-term care providers”. Krakow
October 1st, 2005.
Independent Senior Housing
http://www.zds.kprm.gov.pl/userfiles/POLAND_2030_FINAL_R.pdf (Poland
2030 – developmental challenges – final recommendations) summary
Geoffrey C Smith. “Geographic separation and patterns of social interaction
between residents of senior citizen apartment buildings and their adult children.”
Canadian Geographer. Toronto: Summer 1998. Vol. 42, Iss. 2; pg. 145, 14 pgs
Timothy J. Bartik. “Maximum Score Estimates of the Determinants
of Residential Mobility: Implications for the Value of Residential Attachment and
Neighborhood Amenities”, Upjohn Institute Staff Working Paper 90-01.
Vanderbilt University.
Life Expectancy Tables of Poland 2008, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw
Area and Population in Territorial Profile in 2009 (Poland), Central
Statistical Office, Warsaw
Independent Senior Housing
C:\Users\owner\Documents\RE research for thesis\What is the Most Important
Problem that Senior Citizens Face Today - Associated Content associatedcontent_com_files\what_is_the_most_important_problem.htm, July 07,
2008 by Ronald C. Manalastas
Huei-Lih Hwanga, Huey-Shyan Linb, Ya-Ling Tungc, Hui-Ching Wud.
“Correlates of perceived autonomy among elders in a senior citizen home:
A cross-sectional survey”. International Journal of Nursing Studies 43
(2006) 429–437
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Conference of European
Statisticians, Recommendations for the 2010 Censuses of Population and Housing,
Prepared in cooperation with Statistical Office of the European Communities
(Eurostat) 2006