Transcript RAFCAP設立提案

ITU Structure & Study Groups
Masatoshi Ohishi
NAOJ
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Members of the ITU




Member States (189)
Sector Members such as private
companies (more than 600)
Regional Groups
International Organizations such as
IUCAF
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Structure of the ITU-R
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Regional Groups

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CEPT – Europe
CITEL – North and South America
APT – Asia-Pacific region
Arab group
 They prepare common proposals for
WRC agenda items.
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RA frequency groups
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IUCAF : IAU + URSI + COSPAR
Europe -- CRAF
Committee for Radio Astronomy Frequencies

US -- CORF
Committee on Radio Frequencies
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AP region -- RAFCAP
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160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40°
20°
C
0°
B
20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
170°
170°
Regions 1, 2 & 3
A
75°
75°
60°
60°
REGION 1
REGION 2
40°
30°
20°
40°
30°
20°
0°
0°
20°
30°
40°
20°
30°
40°
REGION 3
C
170°
60°
160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40°
B
20°
A
0°
60°
20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
2015/7/17 The shaded part represents IUCAF
Summer
School
2002in Nos. 5.16 to 5.20 and 5.21.
the Tropical
Zones
as defined
170°
REGION 3
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5-01
Radio Astronomy Service
1.58 radio astronomy service: A service
involving the use of radio astronomy.
Historically RAS was restricted to groundbased one. Now RAS includes spacebased observations.
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Footnote # of Radio Regulation
Radio Astronomy in ITU
1.13 radio astronomy: Astronomy based on
the reception of radio waves of cosmic
origin.
1.5 radio waves or hertzian
waves: Electromagnetic waves of
frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3 000
GHz, propagated in space without artificial
guide.
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RAS ≠ radiocommunication
1.3 telecommunication: Any transmission, emission
or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and
sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio,
optical or other electromagnetic systems (CS).
1.138 emission: Radiation produced, or the
production of radiation, by a radio transmitting
station.
1.137 radiation: The outward flow of energy from
any source in the form of radio waves.
1.6 radiocommunication: Telecommunication by
means of radio waves (CS) (CV).
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RAS ≠ radiocommunication
1.7 terrestrial radiocommunication: Any
radiocommunication other than space
radiocommunication or radio astronomy.
1.8 space radiocommunication: Any
radiocommunication involving the use of
one or more space stations or the use of one
or more reflecting satellites or other objects
in space.
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RAS as radiocommunication
4.6 For the purpose of resolving cases of
harmful interference, the radio astronomy
service
shall
be
treated
as
a
radiocommunication service. However,
protection from services in other bands shall
be afforded the radio astronomy service
only to the extent that such services are
afforded protection from each other.
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WRC
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World Radiocommunication Conference
New allocations, new regulations, etc.,
are discussed and adopted based on
national and regional proposals.
Study Groups, Working Parties consider
technical aspects of agenda items for
WRCs.
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Study Cycle (~3 years)
CPM report
WRC;
Admins.
Agenda Items
Adopt Radio
Regulations
CPM;
Experts
Study Groups
Exchange info
Draft
CPM
report
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Assign
AIs
WPs, TGs
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Study Groups



drafting Technical bases for
Radiocommunication Conferences
developing Draft Recommendations
compiling Handbooks
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Study Groups
SG 1:Spectrum Management
SG 3:Radio Wave Propagation
SG 4:Fixed-Satellite Service
SG 6:Broadcasting Service
SG 7:Science Services
SG 8:Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur
and related satellite services
SG 9:Fixed Services
SC: Special Committee
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Working Parties

Study Groups are organized into
Working Parties and Task Groups

Deal with specific aspects of Study
Group work

Issues related with multiple SGs
 Joint WPs, Joint TGs
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SG 1
WP 1A : Spectrum engineering
techniques
WP 1B : Spectrum management
methodologies
WP 1C : Spectrum monitoring
TG 1/7 : Protection of passive service
bands from unwanted emissions
JTG 1-6-8-9 : Multimedia applications
(Resolution 737 (WRC-2000))
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SG 3
WP 3J
WP 3K
WP 3L
WP 3M
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Propagation fundamentals
Point-to-area propagation
Ionospheric propagation
Point-to-point and Earthspace propagation
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SG 4
WP 4A : Efficient orbit / spectrum utilization
WP 4B : Systems, performance, availability
and maintenance of FSS, Satellite news
gathering (SNG) and outside broadcast via
satellite
JWP 4-9S : Frequency sharing, between the
FSS and the FS
JTG 4-7-8 : Sharing in the band 13.75 – 14
GHz (Resolution 733 (WRC-2000))
JTG 4-7-8-9 : 5 GHz band allocations
(Resolution 736 (WRC-2000))
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SG 6 (WPs)
WP 6A : Programme assembling and
formatting
WP 6E : Terrestrial delivery
WP 6M : Interactive and
multimedia broadcasting
WP 6P : Content production / postproduction
WP 6Q : Performance assessment
and quality control
WP 6R : Recording for production, archival
and play-out; film for television
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WP 6S : SatelliteIUCAF
delivery
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SG 6 (TGs)
TG 6/6 : Recommendation for a digital
broadcasting standard below 30 MHz
TG 6/7 : Planning parameters for digital
broadcasting at frequencies below 30
MHz
TG 6/8 : Preparation for the Regional
Radiocommunication Conference
2004 (RRC-04)
TG 6/9 : Digital cinema
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SG 7
WP 7A : Time signals and frequency standard
emissions
WP 7B : Space radio systems
WP 7C : Earth-exploration satellite
systems and meteorological elements
WP 7D : Radioastronomy
WP 7E : Inter-service sharing and
compatibility
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SG 8
WP 8A : Land mobile service excluding IMT2000
WP 8B : Maritime mobile service including
Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
(GDMSS); aeronautical mobile service and
radiodetermination service
WP 8D : All mobile-satellite services
and radiodetermination-satellite service
WP 8F : IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT2000
JRG 8A-9B : Wireless access systems
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SG 9
WP 9A : Performance and availability,
interference objectives and analysis, effects
of propagation and terminology
WP
9B
:
Radio-frequency
channel
arrangements, radio system characteristics,
interconnection, maintenance and various
applications
WP 9C : Systems below 30 MHz (HF and
others)
WP 9D : Sharing with other services (except
for the FSS)
JRG 6S-9D : Frequency sharing between the
FS
and
BSS
(sound)
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Documents
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Input Documents from Member States,
Sector Members and International
Organizations, etc. (White)
Liaison Statements from other WPs,
TGs, etc. (White)
Output Documents (Yellow)
Administrative Documents (Green/Blue)
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Contributions from
Member States, etc.
Liaison Statements
From other Groups
WPs, TGs, SGs, etc.
Liaison Statements
To other Groups
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Contributions
To Parent SG
Such as DNRs
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Chairman’s
Report
Consider input
Documents
Documents carried on
Chairman’s report
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ITU Web page


http://www.itu.int/ top page
http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/
Submitted documents appear on the Web.
You need a TIES account to download
files.
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Recommendations
The ITU-R Recommendations provide a
body of technical, operational and
regulatory / procedural information that
has been agreed upon by the
participating administrations.
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Production of Recs.
Question
Working Party
Task Group
Agenda Item
PDNR
Study based on
contributions
APPROVE
Study Group
DNR
ADOPT
Administration
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How to Name Recs
Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-1
RA:Radio Astronomy
769: sequential number
-1 : Revision number
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RA series
RA.314 Preferred frequency bands for radio astronomical measurements
RA.479 Protection of frequencies for radioastronomical measurements in
the shielded zone of the Moon
RA.517 Protection of the radioastronomy service from transmitters in
adjacent bands
RA.611 Protection of the radioastronomy service from spurious emissions
RA.769 Protection criteria used for radioastronomical measurements
RA.1031 Protection of the radioastronomy service in frequency bands
shared with other services
RA.1237 Protection of the radio astronomy service from unwanted
emissions resulting from applications of wideband digital modulation
RA.1272 Protection of radio astronomy measurements above 60 GHz from
ground based interference
RA.1417 A radio-quiet zone in the vicinity of the L2 Sun-Earth Lagrange
point
RA.1513 Levels of data loss to radio astronomy observations and
percentage-of-time criteria resulting from degradation by interference
for frequency bands allocated to the radio astronomy on a primary
basis
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Current Frequency Allocations
9 kHz – 275 GHz
< 9 kHz :
5.53 Administrations authorizing the use of frequencies
below 9 kHz shall ensure that no harmful interference is
caused thereby to the services to which the bands above 9
kHz are allocated.
5.54 Administrations conducting scientific research using
frequencies below 9 kHz are urged to advise other
administrations that may be concerned in order that such
research may be afforded all practicable protection from
harmful interference.
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Secondary
Primary alloc.
direction
footnotes
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Primary & Secondary Services
a)
services the names of which are printed in “capitals” (example:
FIXED); these are called “primary” services;
b)
services the names of which are printed in “normal characters”
(example: Mobile); these are called “secondary” services.
Stations of a secondary service:
a)
shall not cause harmful interference to stations of primary services to
which frequencies are already assigned or to which frequencies may be assigned
at a later date;
b)
cannot claim protection from harmful interference from stations of a
primary service to which frequencies are already assigned or may be assigned at
a later date;
c)
can claim protection, however, from harmful interference from stations
of the same or other secondary service(s) to which frequencies may be assigned
at a later date.
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Allocation > 275 GHz

No allocation at present
(only footnote 5.565)

Provisional Agenda Item for WRC-2006
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5.565 The frequency band 275-1000 GHz may be used by
administrations for experimentation with, and development of, various
active and passive services. In this band a need has been identified for
the following spectral line measurements for passive services:
–
radio astronomy service: 275-323 GHz, 327-371 GHz,
388-424 GHz, 426-442 GHz, 453-510 GHz, 623-711 GHz,
795-909 GHz and 926-945 GHz;
–
Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) and space research
service (passive): 275-277 GHz, 294-306 GHz, 316-334 GHz,
342-349 GHz, 363-365 GHz, 371-389 GHz, 416-434 GHz,
442-444 GHz, 496-506 GHz, 546-568 GHz, 624-629 GHz,
634-654 GHz, 659-661 GHz, 684-692 GHz, 730-732 GHz,
851-853 GHz and 951-956 GHz.
Future research in this largely unexplored spectral region may
yield additional spectral lines and continuum bands of interest to the
passive services. Administrations are urged to take all practicable steps
to protect these passive services from harmful interference until the
date when the allocation Table is established in the above-mentioned
frequency band. (WRC-2000)
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RA bands defined in ITU

Frequency usages are regulated in ITU

RA bands  rights to be protected
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Where are RA bands ?
Frequency Bands(MHz)
13.360 - 13.410
25.550 - 25.670
37.5 - 38.25
73 - 74.6
150.05 - 153
322 - 328.6
406.1 - 410
608 - 614
1 400 - 1 427 (HI)
1 610.6 - 1 613.8 (OH)
1 660 - 1 670 (OH)
2 655 - 2 700
4 800 - 5 000 (H2CO)
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Frequency Bands(GHz)
10.6 - 10.7
14.47 – 14.50 (H2CO)0
15.35 - 15.40
22.21- 22.50 (H2O)
23.6 - 24.0 (NH3)
31.3 - 31.80
42.5 - 43.5 (SiO)
76 - 116
123 - 158.5
164 - 16700
200 - 231.500
241 - 275
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New RA bands above 71 GHz
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Shared RA bands
In many RA bands, other services are
also allocated.

INTERFERENCE !?
It is necessary to coordinate between
RAS and other services.
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Adjacent to RA bands
In many cases, there are satellite services
(FSS, MSS, BSS, etc) in downlink !!
RA can not avoid interference
by choosing sites.
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Iridium Satellites
Max hold
1 min
IF output
5dB/div
1450-1950
MHz
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Observed Interference at CRL
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Interference by GSOs
21cm obs. at Bonn
GSOs
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Radio Frequency Interference

Radio contaminations by artificial
transmission (Telecomm., Radar, etc.)

Serious Problem for low-frequency
RA observations
RFI will occur in higher frequencies

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Necessary bandwidth
1.152 necessary bandwidth: For a given class
of emission, the width of the frequency band
which is just sufficient to ensure the
transmission of information at the rate and
with the quality required under specified
conditions.
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Unwanted emissions
1.144 out-of-band emission: Emission on a frequency or
frequencies immediately outside the necessary bandwidth
which results from the modulation process, but excluding
spurious emissions.
1.145 spurious emission: Emission on a frequency or
frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and
the level of which may be reduced without affecting the
corresponding transmission of information. Spurious
emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions,
intermodulation products and frequency conversion
products, but exclude out-of-band emissions.
1.146 unwanted emissions: Consist of spurious emissions
and out-of-band emissions.
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Appendix to Article 3
For the purpose of setting limits, all emissions,
including harmonic emissions,
intermodulation products, frequency
conversion products and parasitic emissions,
which fall at frequencies separated from the
centre frequency of the emission by
± 250%, or more, of the necessary
bandwidth of the emission will generally be
considered as spurious emissions.
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Necessary bandwidth
Δf
2.0 x Δf
Spurious
emission
2.0 x Δf
OOB
OOB
Spurious
emission
frequency
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Roadmap of Communication
Satellite
Space
2000
Bent-pipe
Bent-pipe
Satellite
Satellite
Low
저속
FSS
Digital
Sat.
위성
Comm
통신
2005
OBPATM-switch
ATM-switch
OBP
Satellite
Satellite
초
High
Speed
고
위
Satellite
속
Comm.
성
통
신
GMPCS
MSS
GSO
mobile
GSO 이동
multimedia
멀티미디어
NGSO
moble
NGSO 이동
multimedia
멀티미디어
Sat. Digital 100M Sat. ISDB
위성디지털
위성ISDB
TV
Broadcast
(HDTV)
TV 방송
(HDTV)
“Global Wideband
and Seamless” Unified
Communication Network
= “GII”
Wideband,
High Speed
광대역
초고속
통합
Satellite multimedia
위성 멀티미디어
1
1G
BSS
High Speed
Wide Bandwidth
B-ISDN compatible
B-
> 10Gbps
10G
Sat
DAB
DAB
위성
Sat. wideband
ISDB(3DTV)
10
10M
1
1M
Telephone
Internet
Multi
Multi-media
Backbone
supercomputer Network
Paging, Messaging
TV
HDTV
3DTV
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Ku
Ka
mmSchool 2002
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Summer
Services
Freq. band
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HAPS Issue





High Altitude Platform Stations
Airships at 20 km altitude
For Broadband communication
US – 47 GHz region
Japan – 31 GHz region
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HDFS at 43GHz




High Density Fixed Service→broadband
communication
Includes the SiO band (42.5-43.5GHz)
It may degrade pointing accuracy.
Since 2000, we are collaborating to
avoid interference to the RAS band.
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Other RFI?s

BS around 608 – 614 MHz in Europe
 New RFI? for Urmuqi and GMRT

MSS near 1.4 GHz (HI) band
RNSS near 5 GHz (H2CO) band
Internet access from aircrafts (Boeing)
near 14.5 GHz (H2CO) band


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Space Solar Power Satellite
Generation of Electricity in Orbit
 Up to 10 GW  Rectenna 10kmx10km
 Microwave Power transfer @ 2.45 GHz
 Interference at 5 GHz (H2CO band)
 40 dB higher than interference level
detrimental to the RAS

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RFI  IRFI  OFI
Similar Problems
might occur in
IR/Optical
Astronomy
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Above 10 THz issue
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Optical Communication

Laser Communications > 10 THz
has been studied
 Probable Problems in NEAR
FUTURE
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