Transcript Chapter 16

Chapter 16
FOREIGN POLICY
Learning Objectives
• 1) Discuss how foreign policy is made &
identify the key players in the process.
• 2) Summarize the history of American
foreign policy through the years.
• 3) Identify the foreign policy challenges
presented by terrorism.
Learning Objectives
• 4) Explain the principal issues dividing the
Israelis & the Palestinians & the solutions
proposed by the international community.
• 5) Outline some of the actions taken by the
United States to curb the threat of nuclear
weapons.
• 6) Describe China’s emerging roles as a
world power.
Introduction
• Foreign Policy:
– A systematic & general plan that guides a
country’s attitudes & actions toward the rest of
the world.
– Foreign policy includes all of the economic,
military, commercial, & diplomatic positions
& actions that a nation takes in its
relationships with other countries.
Introduction
• Moral Idealism:
– In foreign policy, the belief that the most
important goal is to do what is right.
– Moral idealists think that it is possible for
nations to cooperate as part of a rule-based
community.
Introduction
• Political Realism:
– In foreign policy, the belief that nations are
inevitably selfish, and that we should seek to
protect our national security, regardless of
moral arguments.
Who Makes U.S. Foreign
Policy?
• The President’s Role:
– Article II, Section 2 of Constitution, names president
commander in chief of the armed forces.
– As commander president oversees the military &
guides defense policies.
– Constitution also authorizes the president to make
treaties, with 2/3 Senate approval.
– Executive agreements w/ other heads of state not
subject to Senate approval
– Ultimate power of nuclear weapons control
Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy
• The Cabinet:
– Departments of: Commerce, Agriculture,
Treasury, & Energy recommend policies due
to economic factors in the global market.
• Secretary of State & Secretary of Defense
– Only Cabinet members who concern
themselves w/ foreign policy on full time
basis.
Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy
• The Department of State:
– Principle agency most directly involved in
foreign policy (diplomatic relations)
• The Department of Defense:
– Principle executive department that establishes
& carries out defense policy & protects our
national security.
• Chairperson for the Joint Chiefs of Staff is
appointed by the president for a 4 year term.
Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy
• Other Agencies:
–
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–
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Arms Control & Disarmament Agency (1961)
Broadcasting Board of Governors
Agency for International Development
Peace Corps
• Two key agencies: National Security
Council & Central Intelligence Agency
Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy
• National Security Council (NSC):
– Established by National Security Act of 1947
– “advises president w/ respect to integration of
domestic, foreign, & military policies relating
to national security.”
• President, VP, Sec. of State & Defense formal
members of NSA
• Chairperson of Joint Chiefs of Staff, CIA director,
also in attendance at NSC mtgs.
Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA):
– Created after WWII, coordinates American
intelligence activities abroad.
• Congress’s Powers:
– Constitutional power to declare war
– Appropriation of funds for weapons systems,
equip the U.S. armed forces, & provide
foreign aid
Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy
• Congress’s Powers cont’d:
– Senate approve/reject treaties & appointment
of ambassadors
– War Powers Resolution (1973)
• President must consult Congress before military
action is taken.
– House Committees on Foreign Affairs &
Armed Services as well as Senate Committees
on Armed Services & Foreign Relations
A Short History of American
Foreign Policy
• Isolationism:
– A political policy of non-involvement in world
affairs.
• Monroe Doctrine (1823):
– U.S. policy announced by President James
Monroe
– U.S. would not tolerate foreign intervention in the
Western Hemisphere
– In return, the U.S. would stay out of European
affairs.
Beginning of Interventionism
• Interventionism:
– Direct involvement by one country in another
country’s affairs.
• Spanish-American War (1898) U.S. fought to free
Cuba from Spain
• Spain lost the war & the territories of Guam,
Puerto Rico, & the Philippines to the U.S.
• U.S. acquires colonial empire
Beginning of Interventionism
• Colonial Empire:
– A group of colonized nations that are under the rule of
a single imperial power.
• After Spanish-American war U.S. returns to
isolationism as foreign policy
• WWI President Woodrow Wilson proclaims:
neutrality- A position of not being aligned w/
either side in a dispute or conflict
– i.e. War
The World Wars
• 1917 U.S. enters WWI after U.S. ships
attacked by German Subs in international
waters
• After WWI U.S. reverts back to
isolationism
• Pearl Harbor (1941) U.S. enters WWII
The Cold War
• Post WWII, U.S. & Soviet relations
deteriorate rapidly
• (Democracy v. Communism)
• Soviet Bloc:
– The group of Eastern European nations that
fell under the control of the Soviet Union
following WWII.
• Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, &
Romania
The Cold War
• Iron Curtain:
– Phrase coined by Winston Churchill
– describes the political boundaries betwn the
democratic countries in Western Europe
– & the Soviet controlled Communist countries
in Eastern Europe.
The Cold War
• Marshall Plan:
– A plan providing for U.S. economic assistance
to European nations following WWII to help
those nations recover from the war.
• Named after Secretary of State, George C.
Marshall (1947-1949)
The Cold War
• Containment:
– U.S. policy designed to contain the spread of
communism by offering military & economic
aid to threatened nations.
• Cold War:
– War of words, warnings, & ideologies betwn
the Soviet Union & the United States that
lasted from the late 1940s – early 1990s
The Cold War
• Deterrence:
– Policy of building up military strength for the
purpose of discouraging military attacks by
other nations;
– Policy of “building weapons of peace” that
supported the arms race betwn the U.S. & the
Soviet Union during Cold War.
The Cold War
• Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD):
– Theory arising out deterrence
– Phrase referring to the assumption that if the
forces of two nations are equally capable of
destroying each other, neither will take a
chance on war.
The End of the Cold War
• Cuban Missile Crisis: (1962)
– A nuclear stand-off when the U.S. learned that
Soviet Union had placed nuclear warheads in
Cuba. (90 miles off of U.S. coast)
– The crisis was defused diplomatically
– Considered the closest the two Cold War
superpowers came to nuclear confrontation.
The End of the Cold War
• Détente:
– “Relaxation of tensions”.
– Characterized the relationship betwn the U.S.
& the Soviet Union in the 1970s
– Both rival nations attempted to pursue
cooperative dealings & arms control.
• Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)
Soviet Union Falls
• Late 1980s Mikhail Gorbachev initiates
efforts to democratize Soviet political
system & decentralize the economy.
• Reforms spread quickly throughout Eastern
Europe, 1989 Berlin Wall is torn down
• Failed coup in Aug. of ’91, where Boris
Yeltsin confronts disgruntled Communist
leaders & military, USSR is no longer!
Post-Cold War Foreign Policy
- U.S. forced to rethink foreign policy after
Cold War
– Humanitarian crisis & Peacekeeping Missions
• i.e. Famine & Civil War or Ethnic cleansing
• Somalia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Rwanda, & Sudan
• September 11, 2001 provides clear
direction of framework for United States
foreign policy
The War on Terrorism
• Terrorism:
– The use of staged violence, often against
civilians, to achieve political goals.
• Pg. 370 examples of Terrorist attacks throughout
recent years
The War on Terrorism
• Varieties of Terrorism: pg. 379
– Local or Regional Terrorism
• Extremist who are motivated by the desire to
obtain freedom from a nation or gov. that they
regard as an oppressor.
– State-Sponsored Terrorism
• Terrorist attacks planned & sponsored by
governments.
• i.e. Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, & Syria
The War on Terrorism
• Varieties of Terrorism cont’d:
– Foreign Terrorist Networks:
• Relatively new type of terrorism (late 1990s &
early 2000s)
• Emergence of non-state terrorist networks
• i.e. Al Qaeda: quasi-hierarchical terrorist
organization that planned & executed terrorist
attacks of 9/11, bombings of two U.S. embassies in
Africa, & bombing of USS Cole
The U.S. Response to 9/11- The
War in Afghanistan
• Supported by coalition of international
allies U.S. military goes after al Qaeda
camps & ruling Taliban in Afghanistan
• Coalition:
– An alliance of nations to undertake a foreign
policy action, particularly military action.
– A coalition is often a temporary alliance that
dissolves after the action is concluded.
The Focus on Iraq
• Axis of Evil (Iraq, Iran, & North Korea)
– Bush administration focuses on “regime
change” in Iraq
• Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD):
– Nuclear, chemical, & biological weapons that
can inflict massive civilian casualties & pose
long-term health dangers to human beings.
The Focus on Iraq
• Preemptive war:
– A war launched by a nation to prevent an
imminent attack by another nation.
• Preventative war:
– A war launched by a nation to prevent the
possibility that another nation might attack at
some point in the future.
• Not supported by international law.
The Focus on Iraq
• Neoconservatism:
– A philosophy of foreign policy based on moral
idealism.
– Neoconservatives support the use of economic
and military power to bring democracy and
human rights to other countries.
• Advocated by President Bush (son)
The Focus on Iraq
• The “Bush Doctrine”- Preventative War &
Regime Change
• Multilateral:
– In IR an action involving more than one side or
nation.
• Unilateral:
– In IR, action that involves or affects only one side
in a conflict or that is taken by only one nation.
• IR= International Relations
Iraq War
• Iraq War starts March 20, 2003
• Bush declares “Mission Accomplished”
May 1, 2003
• Unfortunately, “victory” is short lived
• Insurgency & Resistance:
– Iraqis resent Western meddling in their
country’s affairs, furthermore they question
America’s motive for invasion
Iraq
• Iraqi elections & New Government
– January 2005, 1st free elections in half a
century
– October 2002 national assembly drafts
constitution & submits it to the voters for
ratification
– December 2005 new elections held to select
members of parliament
• Shiites gain majority of seats
Ethnic & Religious Groups in
Iraq by % of Population
Iraq
• Continuing Insurgency & Sectarian Strife
– Lack of exit strategy causes problems
• Shiites, Sunnis, & Kurds can’t get it
together regarding major issues
– i.e. Constitutional changes & sharing oil
revenues
• Congress & President Bush at odds over
how & when to bring troops home
• Obama brings troops home in 2010
Again, Afghanistan
• The Afghan-Pakistani Border
– Taliban take & maintain shelter on far side of
Afghan-Pakistani border
• In Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas
– Districts are largely free from central gov. control
• U.S. Troops Buidup
– Obama always in support of U.S. entry into
Afghanistan
• Troop surge of 30,000+
• Troops remain in Afghanistan post 2014
Again, Afghanistan
• U.S. Attacks in Pakistan
– Pakistan’s role in Afghanistan quite
complicated
• Predator attacks in Pakistan by U.S.
• Pakistan’s intelligence agency, Inter-Services
Intelligence (ISI), has funded a variety of Islamist
militant groups who have attacked Afghan gov. &
U.S. forces
• The Death of Bin Laden
– By U.S. in Pakistan May 2011
The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
• The Arab-Israeli Wars:
– For many years after Israel was founded in
1948, the neighboring Arab states did not
accept its legitimacy as a nation.
• Palestine rendered nationless country
– Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO):
• An organization formed in 1964 to represent the
Palestinian people. The PLO has a long history of
terrorism but for some years has launched
primarily as a political party.
The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
• The Israeli-Palestinian Dispute
• Negotiations:
– Oslo Accords:
• The first agreement signed between Israel and the
PLO; led to the establishment of the Palestinian
Authority in occupied territories.
• Negotiations Collapse
• A Divided Palestine
The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
• Obama & Netanyahu
• The Palestinians & the United Nations
Weapons Proliferation in an
Unstable World
• North Korea’s Nuclear Program
– Receives help from USSR in developing
nuclear program, North Korean leader Kim
Jong II openly hostile to U.S.
– U.S. will only engage in talks with North
Korea if China, Russia, Japan, & South Korea
are present!
Weapons Proliferation in an
Unstable World
• Iran: An Emerging Nuclear Threat?
– State sponsor of terrorism, has been linked to
current Iraqi insurgency efforts against American
forces
– Openly hostile to U.S.
– Openly stated no intention to develop nuclear
missiles, simply seeking to develop nuclear
energy plants.
– Intelligence reports find that Iran is working on
missile delivery system for nuclear warheads.
Arms Control Treaties: Do They
Work?
• Treaties w/ Former Soviet Union:
– Russia will not allow U.S. inspection
• Biological Weapons Treaty:
– U.S. doesn’t propose or support any specific
solutions for system of compliance
• Chemical Weapons Treaty:
– Loopholes & Weak enforcement mechanisms
• Too little, Too Late
China- The Next Superpower?
• Chinese-American Trade Relations:
• Normal Trade Relations (NTR) status:
– A status granted through an international
treaty by which each member nation must treat
other members at least as well as it treats the
country that receives its most favorable
treatment.
• Formerly known as most favored nation status
• Future Challenger to American Dominance
Freer World Trade & The WTO
• Human Rights & the WTO:
– More trade ultimately will bring about
political & social change
– Or allowing trade is giving stamp of approval
to the Chinese government’s oppression of its
citizen’s rights.
Freer World Trade & The WTO
• Globalization- Good, Bad, or Indifferent?
– Globalization: the diffusion of commodities &
ideas on a global scale.
– Protectionism v. Free Trade
Should We Keep Supporting
The United Nations?
• United Nations:
– More than 60 yrs. old established after WWII
to promote international cooperation & world
peace.
• Criticisms of the UN:
– It is inefficient & ineffective, too many
differences of opinion allow nothing to happen
Should We Keep Supporting
The United Nations?
• UN Successes:
– Promotes Free Trade & helps to cultivate
democracy
• i.e. Mozambique
– Small payment for large benefits
– U.S. firms provide a significant portion of
goods & services that UN buys
– WHO & Small pox