Transcript MEASURING SYSTEMS AND TOOLS

91
FUEL CELLS AND
ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGIES
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-1 Ford Motor Company has produced a number of demonstration fuel-cell vehicles
based on the Ford Focus.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-2 Hydrogen does not exist by itself in nature. Energy must be expended to separate it
from other, more complex materials.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-3
The Mercedes-Benz B-Class fuel-cell car was introduced in 2005.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
CHART 91–1
Fuel cell types and their temperature operating range.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-4 The Toyota FCHV is based on the Highlander platform and uses much of Toyota’s
Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) technology in its design.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-5 The polymer electrolyte membrane only allows H+ ions (protons) to pass through it.
This means that electrons must follow the external circuit and pass through the load to perform
work.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-6
A fuel-cell stack is made up of hundreds of individual cells connected in series.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-7 A direct methanol fuel cell uses a methanol/water solution for fuel instead of
hydrogen gas.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-8
A direct methanol fuel cell can be refueled similar to a gasoline-powered vehicle.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
TECH TIP: CO Poisons the
PEM Fuel-Cell Catalyst
Purity of the fuel gas is critical
with PEM fuel cells. If more
than 10 parts per million
(ppm) of carbon monoxide is
present in the hydrogen
stream being fed to the PEM
anode, the catalyst will be
gradually poisoned and the fuel
cell will eventually be disabled.
This means that the purity
must be “five nines” (99.999%
pure). This is a major concern
in vehicles where hydrogen is
generated by reforming
hydrocarbons such as gasoline,
because it is difficult to remove
all CO from the hydrogen
during the reforming process.
In these applications, some
means of hydrogen purification
must be used to prevent CO
poisoning of the catalyst.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-9 Powertrain layout in a Honda FCX fuel-cell vehicle. Note the use of a humidifier
behind the fuel-cell stack to maintain moisture levels in the membrane electrode assemblies.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTION: What Is the
Role of the Humidifier in a
PEM Fuel Cell? The polymer
electrolyte membrane
assembly in a PEM fuel cell
acts as conductor of positive
ions and as a gas separator.
However, it can only perform
these functions effectively if it
is kept moist. A fuel-cell
vehicle uses an air compressor
to supply air to the positive
electrodes of each cell, and
this air is sometimes sent
through a humidifier first to
increase its moisture content.
The humid air then comes in
contact with the membrane
assembly and keeps the
electrolyte damp and
functioning correctly.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-10 The Honda FCX uses one large radiator for cooling the fuel cell, and two smaller
ones on either side for cooling drive train components.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION:
When Is Methanol Considered to Be a
“Carbon-Neutral” Fuel? Most of the
methanol in the world is produced by
reforming natural gas. Natural gas is a
hydrocarbon, but does not increase the
carbon content of our atmosphere as long
as it remains in reservoirs below the
earth’s surface. However, natural gas that
is used as a fuel causes extra carbon to
be released into the atmosphere, which is
said to contribute to global warming.
Natural gas is not a carbon-neutral fuel,
and neither is methanol that is made
from natural gas.
Fortunately, it is possible to generate
methanol from biomass and wood waste.
Methanol made from renewable resources
is carbon neutral, because no extra
carbon is being released into the earth’s
atmosphere than what was originally
absorbed by the plants used to make the
methanol.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-11 Space is limited at the front of the Toyota FCHV engine compartment, so an
auxiliary heat exchanger is located under the vehicle to help cool the fuel-cell stack.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-12 The secondary battery in a fuel-cell hybrid vehicle is made up of many individual
cells connected in series, much like a fuel-cell stack.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-13
The Honda ultracapacitor module and construction of the individual cells.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-14 An ultracapacitor can be used in place of a highvoltage battery in a hybrid electric
vehicle. This example is from the Honda FCX fuel-cell hybrid vehicle.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-15 Drive motors in fuel-cell hybrid vehicles often use stator assemblies similar to ones
found in Toyota hybrid electric vehicles. The rotor turns inside the stator and has permanent
magnets on its outer circumference.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-16 The General Motors “Skateboard” concept uses a fuel-cell propulsion system with
wheel motors at all four corners.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-17 The electric drive motor and transaxle assembly from a Toyota FCHV. Note the
three orange cables, indicating that this motor is powered by high-voltage three-phase alternating
current.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-18 The power control unit (PCU) on a Honda FCX fuel-cell hybrid vehicle is located
under the hood.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-19 Toyota’s FCHV uses a power control unit that directs electrical energy flow between
the fuel cell, battery, and drive motor.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-20
tanks.
This GM fuel-cell vehicle uses compressed hydrogen in three high-pressure storage
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-21 The Toyota FCHV uses high-pressure storage tanks that are rated at 350 bar. This
is the equivalent of 5,000 pounds per square inch.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-22
The high-pressure fitting used to refuel a fuel-cell hybrid vehicle.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-23
Note that high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks must be replaced in 2020.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-24
GM’s Hydrogen3 has a range of 249 miles when using liquid hydrogen.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-25
Refueling a vehicle with liquid hydrogen.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-26 Carbon deposits, such as these, are created by incomplete combustion of a
hydrocarbon fuel.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
TECH TIP: Hydrogen Fuel =
No Carbon Most fuels
contain hydrocarbons or
molecules that contain both
hydrogen and carbon. During
combustion, the first element
that is burned is the hydrogen.
If combustion is complete,
then all of the carbon is
converted to carbon dioxide
gas and exits the engine in the
exhaust. However, if
combustion is not complete,
carbon monoxide is formed,
plus leaving some unburned
carbon to accumulate in the
combustion chamber. - SEE
FIGURE 91–26 .
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-27 Both diesel and conventional gasoline engines create exhaust emissions due to high
peak temperatures created in the combustion chamber. The lower combustion temperatures during
HCCI operation result in high efficiency with reduced emissions.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-28
California.
A typical electric vehicle charging station on the campus of a college in southern
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-29 A conductive-type charging connector. This type of battery charging connector is
sometimes called an AVCON connector, named for the manufacturer.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-30 An inductive-type electric vehicle battery charger connector. This type of connector
fits into a charging slot in the vehicle, but does not make electrical contact.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION: What Is
NEDRA? NEDRA is the National Electric Drag
Racing Association that holds drag races for
electric-powered vehicles throughout the
United States. The association does the
following:
1. Coordinates a standard rule set for electric
vehicle drag racing, to balance the needs and
interests of all those involved in the sport.
2. Sanctions electric vehicle drag racing
events, to:
• Make the events as safe as possible.
• Record and maintain official records.
• Maintain consistency on a national scale.
• Coordinate and schedule electric vehicle drag
racing events.
3. Promotes electric vehicle drag racing to:
• Educate the public and increase people’s
awareness of electric vehicles while eliminating
any misconceptions.
• Have fun in a safe
and silent drag racing environment.
- SEE FIGURE 91–31 .
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-31(a) The motor in a compact electric drag car. This 8-inch-diameter motor is
controlled by an electronic controller that limits the voltage to 170 volts to prevent commutator
flashover yet provides up to 2,000 amperes. This results in an amazing 340,000 watts or 455 Hp.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-31(b) The batteries used for the compact drag car include twenty 12-volt absorbed
glass mat (AGM) batteries connected in series to provide 240 volts.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-32
Wind power capacity by area. (Courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy)
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-33
A typical wind generator that is used to generate electricity.
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James Halderman
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91 FUEL CELLS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
Figure 91-34 The Hoover Dam in Nevada/Arizona is used to create electricity for use in the
southwest United States.
Automotive Technology, Fifth Edition
James Halderman
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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