Transcript Iraq 2003 - Paul Bacon

Iraq 2003
Claudia De Araujo Dominguez
Akimi Miki
Maria Yamaguchi
Historical Background
Saddam Hussein’s Rise
to Power
- Hussein leading Baath
Party rose to power in
1968.
- Murdered some quarter
of a million Iraqis during
his reign.
The Anfal Genocide (1988)
- The Iraqi government
slaughtered an estimated
100,000 Kurdish people
Gulf War (1990-1991)
- Iraq invaded Kuwait
- Economic sanctions on
Iraq by UN Security
Council
- Collective armed
intervention
achieved
Uprisings in Iraq (1991)
- Iraqi forces vs. Kurds (North) and Shi’ites
(South) rebels
- Hussein suppressed the rebellion
- Ten of thousands of civilians were killed
- Over two million refugees fled Iraq
After 9/11
- Fear of terrorism (War on Terror)
- More aggressive foreign policy
- President George W. Bush’s showed his
intentions on going to Iraq in 2002
Bush Doctrine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ed6ORug6r
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It initially described the policy that the U.S. had the right to secure itself from
countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups, which was used to
justify the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001.
Actions Taken by the International
Community
On September 12, 2002
U.S. President George W. Bush addressed the General Assembly and
outlined a catalogue of complaints against the Iraqi government
Resolution 1441
• Adopted unanimously by the United Nations
Security Council on 8 November 2002,
offering Iraq under Saddam Hussein "a final
opportunity to comply with its disarmament
obligations" that had been set out in several
previous resolutions.
Hans Blix and Mohamed El Baradei presented several reports to the UN
detailing Iraq's level of compliance with Resolution 1441
At the Azores conference
on March 16, 2003 Tony
Blair, George W. Bush, and
Spanish Prime minister
José María Aznar
announced the imminent
deadline of March 17th
2003 for complete Iraqi
compliance.
Operation Iraqi Freedom
The U.N. wanted to have a small role in
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Coalition of Provisional
Authority
Was established as
a transitional
government following the
invasion of Iraq.
The CPA vested itself
with executive, legislative,
and judicial authority over the
Iraqi government from the
period of the CPA's inception
on 21 April 2003, until its
dissolution on 28 June 2004.
Consequences of Iraqi Freedom
• Many tactics were used against the U.S and
allied militaries such as sniping, suicide
bombers.
• Insurgencies became a huge problem very
quickly after the occupancy began and
accounted for many lives, most of them being
Americans.
http://www.icasualties.org/Iraq/
Documented civilian
deaths from violence
115,294 – 126,511
http://www.iraqbodyc
ount.org/database/
Operation Red Dawn
On December 13, 2003 Saddam Hussein was captured in the town
of ad-Dawr, Iraq near Tikrit.
Saddam Hussein’s Trial
The New Way Forward
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rw2nkoG
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Change in Leadership
January 20, 2009 President Barack Obama was inaugurated.
Withdrawal of Troops
In late February 2009,
newly elected
U.S. President Barack
Obama announced an 18month withdrawal window
for combat forces, with
approximately 50,000
troops remaining in the
country "to advise and
train Iraqi security forces
and to provide intelligence
and surveillance"
Failures of International
Community
Criminal Prosecution
-No attempted criminal prosecution International indictment in a long-term approach
-Allowed Hussein to rule without the disapproval
of indictment for genocide and crimes against
humanity .
The Problem of
Understaffing Troops
- Failure to deploy an adequate number of
troops trained in policing.
- Troops trained in policing: trained to use lethal
force as a last resort and police an occupied
nation.
- Civilians were mistakenly attacked by coalition
troops.
Bombing on Wrong Targets
- The U.S failed to predict leaders’ presence
- The foreseeable loss of civilian life
Iraq
Today
(photo: LA times)
Talabani
Politics
al-Maliki
Federal Parliamentary Constitutional Republic
- Corruption
- Military Intimidation
(Reuters / Mohammed Ameen)
Economy
Centrally planned economy
-> Free Market
Living Conditions
- Poverty
- Water Shortage
- Security issues
“What in fact happened, which was
unanticipated...is that when [we] decapitated
the regime, everything below it fell apart”
- Lt. Gen. William S.
Wallace
R2P Criteria
Just Cause (0/5)
“large scale loss of life”
“large scale ‘ethnic cleansing’”
Right Intentions (0/5)
“the primary purpose of the intervention...must
be to halt or avert human suffering.”
Last Resort (1/5)
“...when every non-military option...has been
explored”
Proportional Means (0/5)
“The scale...should be the minimum...to
secure the defined human protection
objective”
Reasonable Prospects (1/5)
“...with the consequences of action not likely
to be worse than the consequences of
inaction.”
Right Authority (0/5)
“SC authorization should in all cases be
sought prior to any military intervention...”
Bibliography
Bellamy, Alex J. “Ethics and Intervention: The ‘Humanitarian Exception’ and the Problem of Abuse in the Case of Iraq” 2004
Journal of Peace Research, vol. 41, no.2, 2004, pp.131- 147.
Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2013.
<https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html>.
Human Rights Watch, Hum an Rights Watch World Report 2004 - War in Iraq: Not a Humanitarian Intervention. 1 Jarnuary
2004. http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=402ba99f4.
Parker, Ned. "The Iraq We Left Behind." Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations, Mar.-Apr. 2012.
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137103/ned-parker/the-iraq-we-left-behind.
Rathmell, Andrew. Planning Post-conflict Reconstruction in Iraq: What Can We Learn?. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation,
2005. http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP1197.
Roth, Kenneth. “Was the Iraq War a Humanitarian Intervention?” Journal of Military Ethics, Vol.5, No.2, pp.84-92, 2006.
Sanford, Jonathan E. "Iraq's Economy: Past, Present, Future." ReliefWeb. N.p., 3 June 2013. Web. 22 Nov. 2013.
<http://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraqs-economy-past-present-future>.
Weiss, Thomas G. “The Sunset of Humanitarian Intervention? The Responsibility to Protect in a Unipolar Era.” 2004. Security
Dialogue. . vol. 35. no2.135-153