Transcript Document
Human Factors of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Alan Hobbs San Jose State University/NASA Ames Research Center Nogales Predator Accident Nogales Predator Accident Emerging Issues 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Transfer of risk Teleoperation Air traffic considerations Transfer of control The control station Maintenance Transfer of Risk UA collides with people or property on ground Other airspace user collides with UA Public Tolerance of Risk Unfamiliar • Genetically modified organisms • Radioactive waste • Water fluoridation • Pesticides Voluntary exposure • Lead paint Involuntary exposure • Skateboards Nuclear weapons • Smoking • Trampolines • • Commercial aviation • Automobile accidents Familiar Paul Slovic, 2000 Flight Termination • Manned vs unmanned mindset • Information requirements Teleoperation • • • • • Reduced perceptual cues Potential for reduced situational awareness Control/consequence incompatibility Latencies Link management The Loop • Human-in-the-loop – Manual – Via automation • Human-on-the-loop • Human-out-of-the-loop HOOTL HOTL HITL Capability of on-board automation HOOTL HOTL HITL Capability of on-board automation HOOTL HOTL HITL Capability of on-board automation HOOTL HOTL HITL Capability of on-board automation Teleoperation + Automation Air Traffic • • • • • • Lack of out-the-window view Timeliness of response? Autonomous collision avoidance? Lost link? Impact on ATC workload and efficiency Voice latencies Transfer of Control Transfer of Control 1 2 3 Control Stations IFF transponder “IDENT” 1. Remove right hand from control stick 2. Move curser to tracker display 3. Click on TOOLS menu 4. Scroll to IFF 5. Click to open IFF window 6. Click “IDENT” button 7. Click “APPLY” Curser is accessed by trackball and Left/Right buttons Note: In manned aircraft, the pilot response to ATC-directed “IDENT” command is one step: 1. Push a button. Turning on the fuel heat system. Fuel Heat Inhibit Disable / Enable F9 On-screen menu items refer to Function Keys for control. Note: This switch labeling has been changed to: “Fuel Heat: ON / OFF” Human Factors in UAS Maintenance Human Factors in UAS Maintenance Maintenance and Fault Diagnosis of IT Systems • Ill-defined faults • Consumer hardware and software • Laptop use discipline Maintenance and Fault Diagnosis of IT Systems “The desktop computer, which was serving as the ground control system, locked up while the unmanned aircraft was in flight. The only alternative was to re-boot the computer, and this took about two to three minutes before commandand-control was reestablished. The unmanned aircraft’s flight path, however, was already uploaded so there was no effect on the flight.” Final thoughts • Public perceptions may matter more than “equivalent level of safety” • We need to get it right from the start • We need to apply old lessons, and learn new ones • There is an acute need to learn from UAS incidents and accidents