Transcript Fine Particulate Air Pollution in Sacramento: WYSIWYB

The Smallest Things Have the
Biggest Impact:
Particles in your lungs and your
community.
Sacramento April 25, 2005
Thomas A. Cahill,
Member, Health Effects Task Force
(HETF), American Lung Association –
Sacramento Emigrant Trails (ALASET)
Professor, Physics and Atmospheric
Sciences and Head, DELTA* Group, UCD
What is the ALA-SET
Health Effects Task Force?
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Formed in 1994
Modest grants to ALA-SET from
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Sacramento Metropolitan AQMD, Norm Covell, and
Yolo Solano AQMD, Larry Greene
Jan Sharpless, Chair; Betty Turner, ALA-SET
coordinator
Typically 8 volunteers
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Presently UC Davis (2), Sac Public Health, ARB, DHS (2),
SMAQMD, Sierra Research, an MD, and ALA statewide,
with ALASET, Project Clean Air, and High School
Environmental Assessment Project liaison, plus DHS and
Kaiser Permanente collaborators
Access to sampling equipment, sampling sites, & analysis
ALA-SET HETF Particulate Studies;
particles in the fine (< 2.5μm), very fine (< 0.25
μm), ultra-fine (< 0.1 μm) modes

Stroke and ischemic heat disease mortality
vs air quality, Central Valley of California
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Sacramento I-5 aerosol transect
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Phase 1, 2002-2003
Sacramento I-5 aerosol transect
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1998
Phase 2, 2003-2004
High School air quality evaluations 2005
C
Particle Size versus Persent
Deposition
PM10
TSP (pre1987)
PM0.25 ?
PM2.5
Journal of Inhalation Research (1995).
This figure shows the relationship between particle size and
what percent is deposited in different parts of the respiratory
tract.
Particulate Matter in the Atmospheric
The Atmospheric Aerosol

Total Suspended Particulate
mass TSP
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< 2.5 μm
Very fine aerosols, < 0.25 μm,
ultra fine aerosols, < 0.10 μm
…
Dust, sea spray, some nitrates
2.5 to 0.25 μm, mostly man
made
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Dust, sea salt, pollen,
10 to 2.5 μm, largely natural
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< 10 μm
Fine Aerosols PM2.5
35 to 10 μm, mostly natural
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< 35 μm
Inhalable Aerosols PM10
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Fine dust, nitrates, sulfates,
organics, smoke
0.25 to circa 0.01 μm, almost
entirely man made;
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high temperature combustion, heavy
organics, soot, metals
Deep lung deposition
Why were these HETF studies
initiated?
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New information became available
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Local information was lacking
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CORE Report on IHD and stroke death rates 1989 - 1991
New PM10 data in California after 1987
U. Minnesota/DRI/DELTA Group diesel studies
 Tuscarora tunnel studies Gertler et al HEI 2002
 U. Minnesota truck emissions Watts/Zielinska/Lawson 2002
Near roadway concentrations
New techniques became available

Sampling
 DELTA Group DRUM sampling technology
NSF ACE-Asia samplers became available
Analysis
 Soft beta mass at UCD, S-XRF analysis at LBNL
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Spatial patterns of Ischemic Heart Disease
mortality versus PM10, 1989-1991
Mortality and Air Pollution in the California Central Valley
Correlation r2 = 0.56
Death rate versus State Average
Average PM10
Ischemic Heart Disease
Annual average PM10 mass
200
150
100
50
0
Shasta
Sutter
Butte
Sacramento San Joaquin
Madera
Kings
Kern
Placer
Yolo
Stanislaus
Fresno
Tulare
Health Impacts of Valley Aerosols
PM10 mass and Ischemic Heart Disease
Annual Valley PM10 (ug/m3)
California Ce ntral V alley
For winter, 120
ug/m3, r2 = 0.69
200
r2 = 0.56
150
100
EPA annual fi ne
parti cl e standard
50
0
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Ischem ic Heart Disease (% of state average)
140
Central Valley PM10 aerosols…
Aerosols at Fresno 1st Street Supersite
PM10, 2002
EPA standard
150 ug/ m3
Micrograms/m3
120
100
80
C A standard
50 ug/m3
60
40
20
0
1
2
1
3
2
4
4
5
5
7
6
8
7
9
8
10
9
Month of the year 2002
11
11
12
12
1
Are almost all fine PM2.5 aerosols in
winter…..
Fresno fine aerosol mass, 1st Street "Supersite"
Micrograms/m3
PM 2.5 24 hr avg
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Smoke from Oregon
forest fires
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
6
8
7
9
8
Month of the Year 2002
10
9
11
10
11
11
12
12
and Sacramento is only marginally
better for fine particles…..
Fine PM2.5 Aerosols at 13th and T Street, Sacramento
2002
80
EPA 24 hr
standard
Micrograms/m3
70
60
Smoke fr om Oreg on
forest fi res
50
40
30
20
EPA annual
standard
10
0
12 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 12
1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12
Month of the Year by we ek
Here there be
cows
24 hr Nitrate Aerosols
Fall, 2002
Sacramento
Fresno
Microgram/m3
40
Corcoran
Bakersfield
Wind Bay Area to
Bakersfield
Fog days at Fresno x 5, no rain
Rain prev 5 days, Fresno
Wind Bakersfield
to Bay Area
30
20
Rain 3 mm
10
0
5
17
11
29
23
September
11
5
23
17
October
4
29
16
10
November
28
22
10
4
22
16
28
December
Cold, down-slope
Hot, up-slope
Health and Aerosols in the Central Valley of California
Data Relative to Shasta and Butte counties
Annual PM10
Childhhod Asthma
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
ha
st
a
B
ut
te
S
ut
te
r
P
la
ce
r
S
ac Yol
o
ra
S me
an
nt
Jo o
aq
S
ta uin
ni
sl
au
M s
ad
er
Fr a
es
no
K
in
gs
Tu
la
re
K
er
n
0
S
Values Relative to Butte and Shasta
Ischemic Heart Mortality
Health effects of aerosols
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Statistical certainty that fine PM2.5 mass correlates
well with death and illness
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Example: Dockery et al 1994; ALASET HETF Study, 1998
Theoretical analysis, animal and laboratory studies
show most PM2.5 mass is harmless in ambient levels
Causal components of PM2.5 that are harmful –
uncertain; best candidates? (Devlin EPA 2003)
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Acidic aerosols
Biological aerosols
Fine Transition metals
Very fine/ultra fine insoluble particles
High temperature organics
Sacramento – I-5 Transect Studies:
2002 – 2003 and 2003-2004; New data from
DELTA Group collaborations
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Laboratory studies – NREL/U. Minnesota/DRI
diesels; UCD S-XRF analysis –(Lawson, Watts,
Zielenska et al.), plus DRI Lube oil (Fujita)
Prior field studies – prior ARB/UC Davis work;
HEI/DRI Tuscarora Tunnel (Gertler et al 2002)
Quasi-ambient and ambient ALASET - HETF
applications
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Interstate 5 and downtown Sacramento
Downwind of Watt Avenue
U. Minn. Dynamometer Diesel tests
Diesel Particles by MOUDI Impactor and S-XRF
S a m p le R u n # 4 , C A F u e l; n o g re a s e
0 .1 6
0 .1 4
Fuel
Micrograms/cm2
0 .1 2
Lube oil
0 .1
0 .0 8
0 .0 6
0 .0 4
0 .0 2
0
-0 .0 2
1 8
5 .6 2
1 0
1 .8
3 .2
C o a rs e
0 .1 8
0 .3 2
M O U D I S ta ge
M a ss/ 2 0 0
S u lf u r
For mic rogram s /m3, times 8.7
DELT A Group, S -XRF, UC Davis
0 .5 6
1
L e a d
Z in c x 1 0
0 .1
0 .0 5 6
0 .0 1 8
0 .0 3 2
0 .0 1
D i a m e t e r ( m i c ro m e t e rs )
C a lc iu m
P h o s p h o ru s
U l
U. Minnesota Dynamometer Diesel Tests
Diesel Particles by MOUDI Impactor and S-XRF
Sample Run # 1 1, CA Fuel; no grease
0 .18
Lube oil
Micrograms/cm2
0 .16
0 .14
0 .12
0 .1
0 .08
0 .06
0 .04
0 .02
0
18
5 .62
10
Coarse
1 .8
3 .2
0 .56
1
M OUDI Sta ge
M a ss/ 2 0 0
F o r m ic r o g r a m s / m 3 , t im e s 8 . 7
D E L T A G ro u p , S - X R F , U C D a v is
S u lf u r
0 .18
0 .32
0 .05 6
0 .01 8
0 .1
0 .03 2
0 .01
Dia meter (micrometers)
Z in c x 1 0
P h o s p h o ru s
Ultra-Fine
Diesel Particles by MOUDI Impactor and S-XRF
S a m p le R u n # 4 , C A F u e l; n o g re a s e
PM 0.25 ?
0 .1 6
0 .1 4
PM 10
Micrograms/cm2
0 .1 2
0 .1
PM 2.5
0 .0 8
0 .0 6
0 .0 4
0 .0 2
0
-0 .0 2
1 8
5 .6 2
1 0
1 .8
3 .2
C o a rs e
0 .1 8
0 .3 2
M O U D I S ta ge
M a ss/ 2 0 0
S u lf u r
For mic rogram s /m3, times 8.7
DELT A Group, S -XRF, UC Davis
0 .5 6
1
L ea d
Z in c x 1 0
0 .1
0 .0 5 6
0 .0 1 8
0 .0 3 2
0 .0 1
D i a m e t e r ( m i c ro m e t e rs )
C a lc iu m
P h o s p h o ru s
Average Zn to mass, all DRI tests, 1800  1300
Highway emissions
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Laboratory tests have proven useful for
process but unreliable in on highway tests
Highways studies are of two major types –
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Lateral transverse studies
Tunnel studies
Highway studies are hard and expensive –
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Define traffic and meteorology
Measure vast numbers of gasses and particles
over a short periods of time
PM10 Emission rates from Tuscarora Tunnel Study
Gertler et al, 2002
Emission Factor (mg/km)
200
y = 168x + 12; R2 = 0.86
150
100
50
0
0
20
40
60
80
Percent Heavy Duty Vehicles ( 7 - 8 axles)
100
Now cars are becoming the largest
component of toxic very fine aerosols
PM2.5 Aerosol Emission Factors, Heavy Duty and Light Duty Vehicles
Gertler et al, Health Effects Institute (2002)
Note: CA RFG vehicles 0.4 to 2 mg/km
Emission factor (mg/km)
Heavy Duty ( 7 - 8 axle) diesels
Light Duty vehicles x 10
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002
1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Year
Table 1
Comparison to heavy duty and light duty PM10 and PM2.5 emission rates
form the Gertler at al 2002 Tuscarora Tunnel studies and other studies.
Parameter
PM10 mass
PM2.5 mass
PM10 mass
PM2.5 mass
PM2.5 mass
PM2.5 mass
PM10 mass
PM10 mass
Gertler 2002
Gertler 2002
Gillies 2001
Gillies 2001
Norbeck 1998
Norbeck 1998
Sagebiel 1997
Sagebiel 1997
Heavy duty Light duty
Mixed
(mg/km)
(mg/km)
(mg/km)
Tuscarora
181 + 13
10 + 11
87 + 54
Tuscarora
135 + 18
14 + 13
62 + 42
Sepulveda
na
Na
69 + 30
Sepulveda
na
Na
53 + 27
In-use (med)
18 + 9
In-use (high)
185 + 50
High CO, HC
346 smoke
High CO, HC
32 no smoke
From these results, we see that diesel is about 18 times worse than light duty vehicles for
PM10 emissions and 10 times worse than light duty vehicles for PM2.5 emissions, and tha
the worst case smoking car is about the same as the average diesel. Incidentally, these
emission values are sharply lower than occurred only a decade ago.
Comparisons of trucks and cars from the
Tuscarora Tunnel study
Parameter
Diesel Trucks
(mg/km)
Cars
(mg/km)
Ratio
PM2.5 mass
135 + 18
14 + 13
10
Mass? Truck PM10 = 181
PM2.5 OC
112 + 43
2.8 + 1.1
40
2nd biggest ratio
PM2.5 EC
185 + 66
3.3 + 1.2
55
biggest ratio
PM 0.25 Zn
na
na
 10
< 0.25 μm
PM 0.25 Cu
na
na
 10
< 0.25 μm
Heavy organics
large
A few out of 92
PM2.5 NH3, S
< 0.8
1999; Some S in gasoline
Roughly fuel mileage
Gasses
(g/km)
(g/km)
CO2
748 + 73
156 + 15
4.8
CO
< 0.6
1.9 + 0.7
< 0.3
NO (as NO2)
11.9 + 1.9
0.4 + 0.07
28
THC
1.5 + 0.8
0.4 + 0.2
3.7
Comment
3rd biggest ratio
New techniques and NSF ACE-Asia
samplers: DELTA Group 8 DRUM Impactor
•
8 size ranges:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
43 cm
•
•
•
•
•
Inlet ( ~ 12) to 5.0 μm
5.0 to 2.5 μm
2.5 to 1.15 μm
1.15 to 0.75 μm
0.75 to 0.56 μm
0.56 to 0.34 μm
0.34 to 0.26 μm
0.26 to 0.09 μm
10.4 l/min, critical orifice
control, ¼ hp pump
6.5 x 168 mm Mylar strips
For 42 day run, 4 mm/day,
time resolution = 1 hr.
Field portable
•
10 kg, 43 × 22 × 13 cm
Example of very fine 0.26 > Dp > 0.09 μm
particles from near Highway 50, South
Lake Tahoe
Typical DELTA Group ALS S-XRF x-ray
spectrum taken at a clean site in 30 sec
Quality assurance tests of the DELTA
Group S-XRF analyses through 3rd party
comparisons
Study and
date
Methods
Average
ratio,
Al to Fe
Std. dev.
Average
ratio,
Cu to Pb
Std. dev.
BRAVO,
1999
PIXE vs
S-XRF
0.99
0.04
1.24
0.14
FACES,
2001
ARB XRF
vs S-XRF
0.93
0.21
1.02
0.08
FACES,
2001
ARB RAAS
vs S-XRF
0.98
0.27
0.74
0.23
ARB LTAD
2005
DRI XRF
vs S-XRF
1.037
0.085
0.907
0.009
All prior
studies
Average
(no RAAS)
0.984
(0.985)
0.15
(0.11)
0.977
(1.055)
0.115
(0.076)
Fre sno FACES Filte r Inte rcom parison
ARB Dichot vs ARB RAAS
Zinc
ARB RAAS ng/m3
25
20
15
10
Note:
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
ARB Dichot ng/m 3
ARB Dichot, ARB RAAS ng/m3
DELTA S-XRF vs ARB Dichot a nd ARB RAAS Filte rs
Zinc
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
DELTA Group S-XRF ng/m3
ARB Di chot
ARB RAAS
25
The DRUM sees
almost twice as
much soil elements
as Dichots and the
RAAS, partially
associated with the
anomalous soil size
at Fresno and the
much sharper DRUM
size cuts.
DRUM S-XRF vs ARB XRF and ARB RAAS
note: it takes 24 6 hr 6 size cuts S-XRF measurements to
match a single 24 hr PM2.5 filter
PM-2.5 Zn Concentration vs. Date (6-hour data)
ng/m^3
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
3/10/01
3/20/01
DRUM -Zn
3/30/01
RAAS-Zn
4/9/01
Dichot-Zn
4/19/01
Lung Assoc. Sacramento Transect Study Site Map and PM2.5
aggregated data
#1, #3 - light blue = rain, yellow = “clear”, rest = fogs, wet and dry
I-5
Hwy-50
I-80
Hwy-99
35
30
ug/m3
25
20
Rain (Dec 17-22)
Clear (Dec 24-29)
15
Rain (Dec 29-31)
Clear (Jan 1-6)
Fog (Jan 7-10)
10
Fog/Rain (Jan 10-12)
Fog/Rain (Jan 12-15)
5
0
is N
Da v
W
is
Da v
E
Sac
r
Riv e
k
Cr oc
rt
er A
e
hool
ARB
ev al
r ings
n Sc
ra ng
leSp
e
g
O
d
r
n
i
A
Sh
Site
Figure 8 Map of Downtown Sacramento
sites.
Sacramento
River Site
Crocker Art Museum
ARB Site
Very fine aerosols are highest next to I-5 in
Sacramento
Sacramento Transect very fine Mass
(0.26 > Dp > 0.09 micron) particles
Davis NW 1.9 ug/m3
Sac River 2.7 ug/m3
Crocker Art 5.9 ug/m3
ARB 13th & S 2.1 ug/m3
25
Microgram/m3
20
15
10
5
0
12
14
13
16
15
18
17
20
19
22
21
24
23
December
26
25
28
27
30
29
1
31
3
2
5
4
7
6
9
8
January
11
10
13
12
15
14
16
ALASET HETF Sacramento I-5 Transect Study
DELTA DRUM very fine particles (0.26 > Dp > 0.09microns) , S-XRF analysis
Possible tracers of diesel exhaust
Nanograms/m3
Sulfur
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Zinc x 10
Predicted vf mass from
DRI data 7.2 ±5.0 g/m3
Phosphorus x 10
Predicted mass from DRI
data 4.8 ±3.2 μg/m3
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
December, 2002
January, 2003
"Droplet" M ode Aerosol M ass
1.15 > Dp > 0 .75 micro ns
Crocke r Art
ARB 13th & T
Sacram ento River
Micrograms/m3
25
20
15
10
5
0
29
30
31
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
January, 2003
Very Fine Mode Aerosol M ass
0.26 > Dp > 0 .09 micro ns
Crocke r Art
ARB 13th & T
Sacram ento River
Micrograms/m3
25
Measured mass 25
± 15 μg/m3
20
Measured mass 6 ± 2 μg/m3
15
10
5
0
29
30
31
1
2
3
4
January, 2003
5
6
7
8
9
Ground level
air motion
Why is downtown Sacramento bathed in very fine
(and presumably ultra-fine) diesel/smoking car
exhaust on those days?
Fine Particulate Profiles from Los Angeles Freeways
Micrograms/m3 per 10,000 v/hr
San Die go at Harbor, August, 1972
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
Freeway
150
300
450
550
Distance (feet) from upwind site
Lead
Bromine
Br/Pb ratio x 5000
Sulfur
The wind was blowing directly across the raised
WX (I-80 business) freeway
Effect of roadway distance and configuration on downwind
concentrations of lead (Cahill et al, ARB 1974) 1.
Roadway
Distance
27 m
40 m
100 m
160 m
At grade
Calculated
4.0*
3.4
1.4
0.41
0.35
*
not
scaled!
At grade
Measured
4.0
3.1
1.4
Depressed
Measured
4.5
1.7
0.26
Elevated
Measured
(2 sites)
4.8
2.3
3.1
(3.5)
(one site)
We also see very fine aerosols characteristic of
diesels/smoking cars at Fresno; effect of Hwy 99?
Aerosols at the Fresno First Street Super-site
Very fine (0.26 > Dp > 0.09 micron) elemental concentrations for FACES, CARB
S-XRF analyses via DELTA Group, UC Da vis
300
Predicted diesel vf/uf mass
11/25 – 12/17, 9 ± 6 µg/m3
Nanograms/m3
250
200
150
100
50
0
15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
November
Phosphorus x 10
December
Sulfur
Potassium
Zinc x 10
We can now measure mass directly by soft beta
ray transmission from the DRUM strips
Very fine (0.26 > Dp > 0.09) Aerosols at Fresno, CA
Mass by soft betas (ug/m3)
Zinc by S-XRF (ng/m3)
Concentrations/m3
20
15
10
5
0
15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3
5 7
9 11 13 15 17 19 21
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 2 4
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
November
December
Measured total very fine mass , 8.8 ± 2.0 μg/m3 , vs.
predicted diesel/smoking car mass, 9 ± 6 μg/m3
Very fine (0.26 > Dp > 0.09) Aerosols at Fresno, CA
Supersite, First Street, > 1 km from nea rest fre eway
M ass measured
M ass predicted based on U. Minn. diesels, CA fuel
30
Mass ug/m3
25
20
15
10
5
0
15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 1 3
5 7
9 11 13 15 17 19 21
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 2 4
6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
November
December
Aerosol Information from DRUM particle size
analysis shows the presence of very fine particles
Aerosol size distributions at the Fresno Super-site
November 15 - December 22, 2001
Soil, biomass, and diesel/smoking car elements derived elements
60
Nanograms/m3
50
K diesel and
smoking cars
K soil
Fine particle
PM2.5 cut
40
Zinc x 10
30
Potassium
Copper x 10
20
10
K biomas s
smoke
0
0.09 to 0.26
0.34 to 0.56
0.75 to 1.15
2.5 to 5.0
0.26 to 0.34
0.56 to 0.75
1.15 to 2.5
5.0 to 10.0
Very fine
aerosols
Particle aerodynamic diameter in micrometers
Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway Zhu et al
(2002); Lead from Cahill et al (ARB, 1974)
CO
Relative values
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
Black Carbon
Number
Lead (1974)
Nearest freeway
3 miles
BC, number diesels
300
200
100
0
CO, Pb - cars
-240 -160
-80
0
80
160
240
320
400
-200 -120
-40
40
120
200
280
360
Upwind
Distance from Freeway 710 (m)
Downwind
Fine particulate pollution in Sacramento;
What did we learn?





Sacramento, Fresno, and Los Angeles are impacted by very
fine/ultra fine diesel and smoking car aerosols even at distances
well away from roadways.
Most serious problem – effect of arterials on schools, hospitals,
nursing homes…
 Sac. Amer. Lung Assoc bill (Oct, 2003) requires and air quality
evaluation of any school < 500 ft
Sacramento is severely impacted by the San Joaquin Valley and
Hwy 99 aerosols in winter
I-5, the W-X Freeway, and other major roadways are sources of
the most worrisome (Devlin, EPA, 2003) types of particles over
large areas of Sacramento
 Very fine high temperature organics, metals, and soot
The ALASET HETF, with modest funding, was able to execute a
transect of a major urban region with unparalleled detail.
What does the HETF propose?

Initiate the process to make car exhaust a Toxic Air
Contaminant (TAC) like diesel


Diesel by itself is 70% of all the cancer risk from all TACs
combined, and car exhaust may be worse per unit mass
Initiate actions to remove the gross emitting cars
and trucks off California highways

Only a few percent of each generate more that ½ of all
roadway pollutants
Note that even if 2/3 of the cleanest California vehicles became
Zero Emission Vehicles, there would be little change in total
highway pollution if we haven’t addressed the gross emitters.
What does the HETF propose?

Initiate actions to have California adopt a new very
fine particle mass standard directly designed to
address these very fine and ultra fine particles


The most toxic components almost all lie in particles below
roughly 0.30 μm to 0.15 μm diameter
Development of mitigation strategies –
 At the source (see above)
 Transport from sources to receptors (road design,
buffer spaces (viz. schools > 500 ft), vegetation
barriers,…) and
 receptor mitigation strategies (air intake options,
indoor HEPA filters, plants, low indoor emissions…)
What next for ALASET HETF? High School
Environmental Assessment project





New ALASET and HETF collaboration with local high
school students
Self evaluation of local air impacts at three high
schools
 Mira Loma
 Luther Burbank
 Davis
Loan of UC Davis DELTA Group equipment
 Includes very fine/ultra fine aerosols by mass and
composition
Joint analysis of air samples by size, time, and
composition (with ALASET HETF funding)
Development of a “template” for wide use in high
schools
Mira Loma students with ALASET coordinator
(Shelley Mitchell, at left), and DELTA 3 DRUM air
sampler (middle on bench)
Fine particulate pollution;
Where can you learn more?




UC Davis DELTA Group web site
http://delta.ucdavis.edu
California Air Resources Board .. ADAM
http://www.arb.ca.gov
Sacramento Emigrant Trails chapter of the
American Lung Association (916) 444-5864
Sacramento Metropolitan and Yolo-Solano
AQMDs
 We deeply appreciate that the last two
organizations funded this work.
Thank you
 “We
have work to do”
Ref: Sauruman, in Lord of the Rings,
The Two Towers