29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems KEY CONCEPT The central nervous system interprets information, and the peripheral nervous system gathers and transmits information.

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems The nervous system’s two parts work together.

• The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the brain, and spinal cord .

Processes information.

• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes four systems of nerves and

links the CNS to muscles and organs.

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

The CNS: • The brain has three parts. 1. cerebrum controls thought, movement, emotion 2. cerebellum allows for

balance

so body can move smoothly 3. brain stem controls basic life functions (breathing, heart beat)

Brain stem midbrain pons medulla oblongata

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

• The brain stem has three parts.

– midbrain controls some reflexes – pons regulates breathing – medulla oblongata connects the brain and spinal cord and controls heart function, swallowing, coughing, vomiting

midbrain medulla oblongata pons

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Lobes of the Brain

• Frontal • Parietal • Occipital • Temporal

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Frontal Lobe

• The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep in the Frontal Bone of the skull.

• It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions: – Memory formation – Emotions – Decision making/Reasoning – Personality Last part of the brain to fully develop.

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Parietal Lobe

• The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Parietal Bone of the skull.

• Two major divisions – Anterior and posterior • Senses hot and cold, hard and soft, and pain.

• Taste and smell • Helps integrate the senses

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Occipital Lobe

• The Occipital Lobe of the Brain is located deep to the Occipital Bone of the Skull.

• Its primary function is the processing, integration and interpretation of VISION and visual stimuli.

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Temporal Lobe

• The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides of the brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of the skull.

• They play an integral role in the following functions: – Hearing – Organization/Comprehension of language – Information Retrieval (Memory)

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Brain Hemispheres

• The brain's right hemisphere controls the muscles on the left side of the body, while the left hemisphere controls the muscles on the right side of the human body. • When you wink your right eye, that's the left side of your brain at work. Because of this crisscross wiring, damage to one side of the brain affects the opposite side of the body.

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Left Hemisphere

- processes things more in parts and sequentially - recognizes positive emotions - Identified with practicality and rationality - Understands symbols and representations - Processes rapid auditory information faster than the right (crucial for separating the sounds of speech into distinct units for comprehension) - is responsible for language development. It develops slower in boys, that is why males usually develop more language problems than females.

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Right Hemisphere

- Recognizes negative emotions - High level mathematicians, problem solvers, and chess players use - The “non-verbal” side - Responds to touch and music (sensory) - Intuitive - Responsive to color and shape - Emotional and originative

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems Taking Sides!

What information each side recognizes: Left Brain Letters Numbers Words Right Brain Faces Places Objects

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

The Peripheral Nervous System : Collection of nerves that links the CNS to muscles and other organs (Sensory neurons/motor neurons) The somatic nervous system regulates

voluntary

movements Ex: Walking The autonomic nervous system controls

involuntary

Ex: Digestion functions – parasympathetic nervous system : calms the body, conserves energy – sympathetic nervous system : action and stress (Fight or Flight) *Maintain homeostasis

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

Reflex arc A simple pathway, including only a few neurons, that carry out the simplest responses…reflexes.

Reflexes – automatic, subconscious

responses to external or internal stimuli

• Maintain homeostasis by controlling: heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, digestion, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting 15

29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

• The spinal cord controls reflexes . – sensory neuron sends impulse to

spinal cord

– spinal cord directs impulse to motor neuron –

does not involve the brain!!!!

interneuron motor neurons sensory neuron