Transcript Chapter 31 APUSH - Jessamine County Schools

Chapter 31 APUSH
American Life in the Roaring Twenties
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
Return to normalcy
US turned inward---isolationism
Decade notable for obsessive
interest in celebrities
Sex becomes an all-consuming
topic of interest in popular
entertainment
Eat, drink & be merry, for
tomorrow we die
Jazz Age
first modern era in the U.S.
•Red Scare, 1919 to 1921, was a
time of great upheaval…U.S.
“scared out of their wits".
Attorney General
A. Mitchell Palmer
•"Reds” as they were called,
"Anarchists” or "Outside
Foreign-Born Radical Agitators”
(Communists).
•Anti-red hysteria came about after WWI and the
Russian Revolution.
•6,000 immigrants the government suspected of
being Communists were arrested (Palmer Raids) and
600 were deported or expelled from the U.S.
•No due process was followed
•The U.S. Government began to
restrict certain “undesirable”
immigrants from entering the U.S.
•Congress passed the Emergency
Quota Act of 1921 and Immigration
Act of 1924
• Kept out immigrants from
southeastern Europe.
•The U.S. Government began to restrict
certain “undesirable” immigrants from
entering the U.S.
•Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act
of 1921, in which newcomers from Europe
were restricted at any year to a quota, which
was set at 3% of the people of their
nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910.
•Immigration Act of 1924, the quota down to
2% and the origins base was shifted to that of
1890, when few southeastern Europeans
lived in America.
Cartoon from 1919:
“Put them out and
keep them out”
•Nicola Sacco and
Bartolomeo Vanzetti
were Italian
immigrants charged
with murdering a guard
and robbing a shoe
factory in Braintree,
Mass.
•The trial lasted 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial
evidence, many believed they had been framed for the
crime because of their anarchist and pro-union
activities.
•In this time period, anti-foreignism was high as well.
•Liberals and radicals rallied around the two men, but
they would be executed.
IKA
Imperial
Klans of
America
Rise of the KKK was due to the ever
changing of a traditional America.
1925: Membership of 5 million
1926: Marched on Washington.
Attack on urban culture and defends
Christian/Protestant and rural values
Against immigrants from Southern
Europe, European Jews, Catholics and
American Blacks
Sought to win U.S. by persuasion and
gaining control in local/state government.
Violence, internal corruption result in
Klan’s virtual disappearance by 1930 but
will reappear in the 1950s and 1960s.
•Goal: was to reduce crime and poverty and
improve the quality of life by making it
impossible for people to get their hands on
alcohol.
•This "Noble Experiment" was a failure.
•Midnight, January 16th, 1920, US went dry.
•The 18th Amendment, known as the Volstead
Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale and
possession of alcohol in America. Prohibition
lasted for thirteen years.
•So was born the industry of bootlegging,
speakeasies and Bathtub Gin.
Most support for
prohibition came
from religious rural
white Protestants
By 1917, more than
half the states had
passed laws
restricting alcohol.
•People drank more than ever during Prohibition,
and there were more deaths related to alcohol.
•No other law in America has been violated so
flagrantly by so many "decent law-abiding" people.
•Overnight, many became criminals.
•Mobsters controlled liquor created a booming black
market economy.
•Gangsters owned speakeasies and by 1925 there
were over 100,000 speakeasies in New York City
alone.
Prohibition was doomed to
failure because government did
not have enough officers to
enforce it. (Only 3,000
nationwide)
People made their own alcohol
illegally, or got their doctor to
prescribe it as medicine.
Prohibition allowed for huge
smuggling operations. In 1925
government officials estimated
that they stopped only 5% of all
illegal alcohol entering the
country.
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
• Chicago
– Al Capone (“Scarface”)- Public Enemy #1
– St. Valentine’s Day Massacre- seven members of a rival
gang were murdered after their weapons were taken away
from them
• The Culture
– 500 mobsters murdered in the gang wars of Chicago in the
1920s
– By 1930, organized crime has an income of $12-$18 billion,
more than 4 times the income of the federal government
EDUCATION AND
POPULAR CULTURE



During the 1920s,
developments in
education had a
powerful impact on the
nation.
Enrollment in high
schools quadrupled
between 1914 and 1926.
Public schools met the
challenge of educating
millions of immigrants
1925
The first major legal conflict
between religion vs. science
being taught in school was in
1925 in Dayton, Tennessee.
John T. Scopes
Respected high
school biology
teacher arrested
in Dayton,
Tennessee for
teaching
Darwin’s Theory
of Evolution.
Clarence Darrow William J. Bryan
Sec. of State for
Famous trial
President
lawyer who
Wilson, ran for
represented
president three
Scopes
times, turned
evangelical
leader.
Represented the
prosecution.
Dayton,
Tennessee
Small town in the
south became
protective
against the
encroachment of
modern times
and secular
teachings.
The trial is conducted
in a carnival-like
atmosphere. The
people of Dayton are
seen as ‘backward’ by
the country.
The right to teach and
protect Biblical
teachings in schools.
The acceptance of
science and that all
species have evolved
from lower forms of
beings over billions of
years.
Outcome of the Scopes Trial



Scopes found guilty and fined $100- the
fine was later revoked by the
Tennessee Supreme Court on a
technicality in the procedure of the trial
The Butler Act would not be formally
repealed until 1967
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF
THIS?
The Second Industrial Revolution


U.S. develops the highest standard
of living in the world
The twenties and the second
revolution
– electricity replaces steam
– Henry Ford’s modern assembly line
introduced


Rise of the airline industry
Modern appliances and
conveniences begin to change
American society
The Automobile Industry

Auto makers stimulate sales
through model changes,
advertising

Auto industry fostered the
growth of other businesses

Autos encourage movement and
more individual freedom.
“Pink Collar” Jobs



Gave women a taste of
the work world.
Low paying service
occupations.
Made less money than
men did doing the
same jobs.
– Examples of jobs:
• Secretaries
• Teachers
• Telephone
operators
• Nurses
THE FLAPPER

These women challenged
traditional American values.
– Characteristics of a
Flapper:
• Short, bobbed hair
• Short hems on their
skirts
• Listened to Jazz music
• Wore makeup
• Drank hard liquor
• Smoked cigarettes
• Treated sex in a more
casual manner
• Were opposed to the
conventional social and
sexual norms
MODERN FAMILY
EMERGES
Marriage was based
on romantic love.
 Women managed the
household and
finances.
 Children were not
considered laborers/
wage earners anymore.

 Seen as developing
children who needed
nurturing and
education
Mass Media

Increases in Mass media during the 1920s
– Print and broadcast methods of communication.
• Examples:
–
–
–
–
Newspapers
Magazines
Radio
Movies
Newspapers:
27 million to 39 million
Increase of 42%
Motion Pictures:
40 million to 80 million
Increase of 100%
Radios:
60,000 to 10.2 million
Increase of 16,983%
•Westinghouse Radio Station
KDKA was a world pioneer of
commercial radio
broadcasting.
•Transmitted 100 watts on a
wavelength of 360 meters.
•KDKA first broadcast was
the Harding-Cox Presidential
election returns on November
2, 1920.
•220 stations eighteen months after KDKA started.
•$50 to $150 for first radios
•3,000,000 homes had them by 1922.
•Radio sets, parts
and accessories
brought in $60
million in 1922…
• $136 million in
1923
•$852 million in
1929
•Radio reached into
every third home in
its first decade.
•Listening audience was 50,000,000 by 1925
ENTERTAINMENT AND
ARTS



Walt Disney's animated
Steamboat Willie marked the
debut of Mickey Mouse. It was
a seven minute long black and
white cartoon.

Even before sound,
movies offered a means
of escape through
romance and comedy
First sound movies:
Jazz Singer (1927)
First animated with
sound: Steamboat Willie
(1928)
By 1930 millions of
Americans went to the
movies each week.
AMERICAN HEROES OF
THE 20s




In 1929, Americans spent
$4.5 billion on
entertainment. (includes
sports)
People crowded into
baseball games to see
their heroes.
Babe Ruth was a larger
than life American hero
who played for Yankees
He hit 60 homers in 1927.
WRITERS OF
THE 1920s



Writer F. Scott
Fitzgerald coined the
phrase “Jazz Age” to
describe the 1920s
Fitzgerald wrote
Paradise Lost and
The Great Gatsby
The Great Gatsby
reflected the
emptiness of New
York elite society
It wasn’t call the “Jazz Age” for
nothin’.
Jazz moved up from New
Orleans to Northern cities
during the Great Migration.
 Early pioneers: W. C.
Handy- “St. Louis Blues”,
King Oliver’s Creole Jazz
Band
 Louis Armstrong, Duke
Ellington would steal the
show.
“If I had to choose between
Harlem and heaven, oh-ho-ho,
Harlem would win every time.”
Harlem Renaissance:
 Cultural renaissance of
African American art,
literature, music, and
pride.
 The “New Negro”proud, a full citizen,
and EQUAL to whites!
Song of the Towers- Aaron Douglas
Contributors to African American
Culture in the 1920s

Authors

Langston Hughes- poems with
tempos that echoed jazz and blues.
“Strange”
The poet laureate of
Claude McKay- Cane one of first
Harlem
full-length publications of Harlem
Renaissance
Zora Neale Hurston- portrayed lives
of poor, Southern blacks. “The
greatest cultural wealth of the
continent.”


African American political leaders
Marcus Garvey
 Created the United
Negro
Improvement
Association (UNIA)
Promoted
resettlement of
Africa
Keep black dollars
in black
communities