Transcript Chapter One RUBENSTEIN

Chapter One
RUBENSTEIN
The ratio of the number of farmers
to the total amount of suitable land
for agriculture
Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers
to the total amount of suitable
land for agriculture
The total number of people
divided by the total land area
Arithmetic density
The total number of people
divided by the total land area
An east-west line designated under the
Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the
surveying and numbering of townships
in the United States.
Base line
An east-west line designated under the
Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the
surveying and numbering of townships in
the United States.
The science of making maps.
Cartography
The science of making maps.
The spread of something over a given
area.
Concentration
The spread of something over a given area.
Relationships among people and
objects across the barrier of
space.
Connections
Relationships among people and
objects across the barrier of space.
The rapid, widespread diffusion
of a feature of trend throughout
a population
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion
of a feature of trend throughout
a population.
Geographic approach that emphasizes
human-environment relationships
Cultural ecology
Geographic approach that
emphasizes human-environment
relationships.
Fashioning of a natural
landscape by a cultural group
Cultural landscape
Fashioning of a natural
landscape by a cultural
group.
The body of customary beliefs,
social forms, and material traits that
together constitute a group of
people’s distinct tradition.
Culture
The body of customary beliefs, social
forms, and material traits that
together constitute a group of people’s
distinct tradition.
The frequency with which
something exists within a given
unit of area.
Density
The frequency with which
something exists within a given
unit of area.
The process of spread of a
feature of trend from one place
to another over time.
Diffusion
The process of spread of a feature
of trend from one place to another
over time.
The diminishing in importance
and eventual disappearance of a
phenomenon with increasing
distance from it origin.
Distance decay
The diminishing in importance and
eventual disappearance of a
phenomenon with increasing
distance from it origin.
The arrangement of something
across Earths surface.
Distribution
The arrangement of something
across Earths surface.
A nineteenth- and early twentiethcentury approach to the study of
geography that argued that the general
laws sought by human geographers could
be found in the physical sciences.
Geography was therefore the study of
how the physical environment caused
human activities.
Environmental determinism
A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century
approach to the study of geography that
argued that the general laws sought by human
geographers could be found in the physical
sciences. Geography was therefore the study
of how the physical environment caused
human activities.
The spread of a feature or tend among people
from one area to another in a snowballing
process.
Expansion diffusion
The spread of a feature or tend among people
from one area to another in a snowballing
process.
An area in which everyone
shares in one or more
distinctive characteristics.
Formal region
An area in which everyone shares in one or
more distinctive characteristics.
An area organized around a node or
focal point.
Functional region
An area organized around a node or focal
point.
A computer system that stores,
organizes, analyzes, and displays
geographic data.
Geographic information
system (GIS)
A computer system that stores, organizes,
analyzes, and displays geographic data.
A system that determines the precise
position of something on earth through
a series of satellites, tracking stations,
and receivers.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
A system that determines the precise position
of something on earth through a series of
satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
Actions or processes that involve the
entire world and result in making
something worldwide in scope.
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire
world and result in making something
worldwide in scope.
The time in that time zone encompassing the
prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
The time in that time zone encompassing the
prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude.
The region from which innovative ideas
originate.
Hearth
The region from which innovative ideas
originate.
The spread of a feature or trend from one key
person of node of authority or power to other
persons or places.
Hierarchical diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend from one key
person of node of authority or power to other
persons or places
An arc that for the most part follows 180
degrees longitude, although it deviates in
several places to avoid dividing land areas.
When you cross the International Date Line
heading east (toward America), the clock
moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When
you go west (toward Asia), the calendar
moves ahead one day.
International Date Line
An arc that for the most part follows 180
degrees longitude, although it deviates in
several places to avoid dividing land areas.
When you cross the International Date Line
heading east (toward America), the clock
moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When
you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves
ahead one day.
A law that divided much of the
United States into a system of
townships to facilitate the sale of
land to settlers.
Land Ordinance of 1785
A law that divided much of the United States
into a system of townships to facilitate the sale
of land to settlers.
The numbering system used to indicate
the location or parallels drawn on a globe
and measuring distance north and south
of the equator.
Latitude
The numbering system used to indicate the
location or parallels drawn on a globe and
measuring distance north and south of the
equator.
The position of anything on Earths
surface.
Location
The position of anything on Earths surface.
The numbering system used to
indicate the location of meridians
drawn on a globe and measuring
distance east and west of the prime
meridian.
Longitude
The numbering system used to indicate the
location of meridians drawn on a globe and
measuring distance east and west of the prime
meridian.
A two-dimensional, or flat,
representation of Earth’s surface or a
portion of it.
Map
A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of
Earth’s surface or a portion of it.
An internal representation of a
portion of Earth’s surface based
on what an individual knows
about a place, containing
personal impressions of what is
in a place and where places are
located.
Mental map
An internal representation of a portion of
Earth’s surface based on what an individual
knows about a place, containing personal
impressions of what is in a place and where
places are located.
An arc drawn on a map between the North
and South poles.
Meridian
An arc drawn on a map between the North and
South poles.
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to
the equator and at right angles to the
meridians.
Parallel
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the
equator and at right angles to the meridians.
The geometric or regular arrangement of
something in a study area.
Pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of
something in a study area.
The number of people per unit of area of
arable land, which is land suitable for
agriculture.
Physiological density
The number of people per unit of area of
arable land, which is land suitable for
agriculture.
A specific point on Earth distinguished by
a particular character.
Place
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a
particular character.
Land created by the Dutch by draining
water from an area.
Polder
Land created by the Dutch by draining water
from an area.
The theory that the physical environment
may set limits on human actions, but
people have the ability to adjust to the
physical environment and choose a
course of action from many alternatives.
Possibilism
The theory that the physical environment may
set limits on human actions, but people have
the ability to adjust to the physical
environment and choose a course of action
from many alternatives.
The meridian, designated as 0 degrees
longitude, that passes through the Royal
Observatory at Greenwich, England.
Prime meridian
The meridian, designated as 0 degrees
longitude, that passes through the Royal
Observatory at Greenwich, England.
A north-south line designated in the Land
Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the
surveying and numbering of townships in
the United States.
Principal meridian
A north-south line designated in the Land
Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying
and numbering of townships in the United
States.
The system used to transfer locations from
Earth’s surface to a flat map.
Projection
The system used to transfer locations from
Earth’s surface to a flat map.
An area distinguished by a unique combination
of trends or features.
Region
An area distinguished by a unique combination
of trends or features.
An approach to geography that emphasizes
the relationships among social and physical
phenomena in a particular study area.
Regional studies
An approach to geography that emphasizes the
relationships among social and physical
phenomena in a particular study area.
The spread of a feature or trend through
bodily movement of people from one
place to another.
Relocation diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through
bodily movement of people from one place to
another.
The acquisition of data about Earth’s
surface from a satellite orbiting the planet
or other long-distance methods.
Remote sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface
from a satellite orbiting the planet or other
long-distance methods.
A substance in the environment that is
useful to people, is economically and
technologically feasible to access, and is
socially acceptable to use.
Resource
A substance in the environment that is useful
to people, is economically and technologically
feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to
use.
Generally, the relationship between
the portion of Earth being studied and
Earth as a whole, specifically the
relationship between the size of an
object on a map and the size of the
actual feature on Earth’s surface.
Scale
Generally, the relationship between the
portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a
whole, specifically the relationship between
the size of an object on a map and the size of
the actual feature on Earth’s surface.
A square normally 1 mile on a side.
The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided
townships in the United States into
36 sections.
Sections
A square normally 1 mile on a side. The Land
Ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the
United States into 36 sections.
The physical character of a place.
Site
The physical character of a place.
The location of a place relative to
other places.
Situation
The location of a place relative to other places.
The physical gap or interval between
two objects.
Space
The physical gap or interval between two
objects.
The reduction in the time it
takes to diffuse something to a
distant place, as a result of
improved communications and
transportation systems.
Space-time compression
The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse
something to a distant place, as a result of
improved communications and transportation
systems.
The spread of an underlying
principle, even though a specific
characteristic is rejected.
Stimulus diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle, even
though a specific characteristic is rejected.
The name given to a portion
of Earth’s surface.
Toponym
The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface.
A square normally 6 miles on a
side. The Land Ordinance of
1785 divided much of the United
States into a series of townships.
Township
A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land
Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United
States into a series of townships.
A company that conducts research,
operates factories, and sells products
in many countries, not just where its
head-quarters or shareholders are
located.
Transnational corporation
A company that conducts research, operates
factories, and sells products in many countries,
not just where its head-quarters or
shareholders are located.
The increasing gap in economic
conditions between core and
peripheral regions as a result of
the globalization of the economy.
Uneven development
The increasing gap in economic conditions
between core and peripheral regions as a
result of the globalization of the economy.
An area that people believe exists as
part of their cultural identity.
Vernacular region
An area that people believe exists as part of
their cultural identity.
Chapter 2: Rubenstein
Population
By: Santiago Realmo
• The ratio of the number of farmers to the total
amount of land suitable for agriculture.
Agricultural Density
• The ratio of the number of farmers to the total
amount of land suitable for agriculture.
• The time when human beings first
domesticated plants and animals and no
longer relied entirely on hunting and
gathering.
Agricultural Revolution
• The time when human beings first
domesticated plants and animals and no
longer relied entirely on hunting and
gathering.
• The total number of people divided by the
total land area.
Arithmetic Density
• The total number of people divided by the
total land area.
• A complete enumeration of a population.
Census
• A complete enumeration of a population.
• The total number of live births in a year for
every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Birth Rate
• The total number of live births in a year for
every 1,000 people alive in the society.
• The total number deaths in a year for every
1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Death Rate
• The total number deaths in a year for every
1,000 people alive in the society.
• The process of change in a society’s
population from a condition of high crude
birth and death rates and low rate of natural
increase to a condition of low crude birth and
death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a
higher total population.
Demographic Transition
• The process of change in a society’s
population from a condition of high crude
birth and death rates and low rate of natural
increase to a condition of low crude birth and
death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a
higher total population
• The scientific study of population
characteristics.
Demography
• The scientific study of population
characteristics.
• The number of people under the age of 15
and over the age of 64, compared to the
number of people active in the labor force.
Dependency Ratio
• The number of people under the age of 15
and over the age of 64, compared to the
number of people active in the labor force.
• The number of years needed to double a
population, assuming a constant natural
increase.
Doubling Time
• The number of years needed to double a
population, assuming a constant natural
increase.
• The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by
permanent human settlement.
Ecumene
• The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by
permanent human settlement.
• Distinctive causes of death in each stage of
the demographic transition.
Epidemiologic Transition
• Distinctive causes of death in each stage of
the demographic transition.
• Branch of medical science concerned with the
incidence, distribution, and control of diseases
that affect large numbers of people.
Epidemiology
• Branch of medical science concerned with the
incidence, distribution, and control of diseases
that affect large numbers of people.
• A series of improvements in industrial
technology that transformed the process of
manufacturing goods.
Industrial Revolution
• A series of improvements in industrial
technology that transformed the process of
manufacturing goods.
• The total number of deaths in a year among
infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live
births in a society.
Infant Mortality Rate
• The total number of deaths in a year among
infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live
births in a society.
• The average number of years an individual can
be expected to live, given current social,
economic, and medical conditions.
Life Expectancy
• The average number of years an individual can
be expected to live, given current social,
economic, and medical conditions.
• Medical technology in Europe and North
America that diffused to the poorer countries
of Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
Medical Revolution
• Medical technology in Europe and North
America that diffused to the poorer countries
of Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
• The percentage growth of a population in a
year, computed as the crude birth rate minus
the crude death rate.
Natural Increase Rate
• The percentage growth of a population in a
year, computed as the crude birth rate minus
the crude death rate.
• The number of people in an area exceeds the
capacity of the environment to support life at
a decent standard of living.
Overpopulation
• The number of people in an area exceeds the
capacity of the environment to support life at
a decent standard of living.
• Disease that occurs over a wide geographic
area and affects a very high proportion of the
population.
Pandemic
• Disease that occurs over a wide geographic
area and affects a very high proportion of the
population.
• The number of people per unit of arable land.
Physiological Density
• The number of people per unit of arable land.
• A bar graph representing the distribution of
population by age and sex.
Population Pyramid
• A bar graph representing the distribution of
population by age and sex.
• The number of males per 100 females in the
population.
Sex Ratio
• The number of males per 100 females in the
population.
• The average number of children a woman will
have throughout her childbearing years.
Total Fertility Rate
• The average number of children a woman will
have throughout her childbearing years.
• A decline of the total fertility rate to the point
where the natural increase rate equals zero.
Zero Population Growth
• A decline of the total fertility rate to the point
where the natural increase rate equals zero.
Chapter 3: Migration
Rubenstein
Large-scale emigration by talented
people
Brain Drain
Large-scale emigration by talented
people
Migration of people to a specific location
because relatives or members of the
same nationality previously migrated
there
Chain migration
Migration of people to a specific
location because relatives or members
of the same nationality previously
migrated there
Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical
movements that recur on a regular
basis.
Circulation
Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical
movements that recur on a regular
basis.
Net migration from urban to rural
areas in more developed countries
Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural
areas in more developed countries
Migration from a location
Emigration
Migration from a location
The area subject to flooding during
a given number of years according
to historical trends
Floodplain
The area subject to flooding during a
given number of years according to
historical trends
Permanent movement compelled
usually by cultural factors
Forced Migration
Permanent movement compelled
usually by cultural factors
Workers who migrate to the most
developed countries of Northern and
Western Europe, usually from Southern
and Eastern Europe or from North
Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs
Guest workers
Workers who migrate to the most developed
countries of Northern and Western Europe,
usually from Southern and Eastern Europe
or from North Africa, in search of higherpaying jobs
Migration to a new location
Immigration
Migration to a new location
Permanent movement within a
particular country
Internal migration
Permanent movement within a
particular country
Permanent movement from one
country to another
International migration
Permanent movement from one
country to another
Permanent movement from one
region of a country to another
Interregional migration
Permanent movement from one
region of a country to another
An environmental or cultural feature
of the landscape that hinders
migration
Intervening obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature
of the landscape that hinders
migration
Permanent movement within one
region of a country
Intraregional migration
Permanent movement within one
region of a country
Form of relocation diffusion involving
permanent move to a new location
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving
permanent move to a new location
Change in the migration pattern in a society that
results from industrialization, population
growth, and other social and economic changes
that also produce the demographic transition
Migration transition
Change in the migration pattern in a society
that results from industrialization,
population growth, and other social and
economic changes that also produce the
demographic transition
All types of movement from one
location to another
Mobility
All types of movement from one
location to another
The difference between the level
of immigration and the level of
emigration
Net migration
The difference between the level of
immigration and the level of
emigration
Factor that induces people to move to
a new location
Pull factor
Factor that induces people to move
to a new location
Factor that induces people to leave to
a new location
Push factor
In reference to migration, laws that place
maximum limits on the number of people
who can immigrate to a country each year
Quotas
In reference to migration, laws that
place maximum limits on the number of
people who can immigrate to a country
each year
People who are forced to migrate from their
home country and cannot return for fear of
persecution because of their race, religion,
nationality, membership in social group, or
political opinion
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their
home country and cannot return for fear of
persecution because of their race, religion,
nationality, membership in social group, or
political opinion
People who enter a country without
proper documents
Undocumented immigrants
People who enter a country without
proper documents
Permanent movement undertaken by
choice
Voluntary migration
Permanent movement undertaken by
choice
Chapter 4:
Folk and Popular Culture
By Johnny Crim
The frequent repetition of an act, to extent that
it becomes characteristic of the group of
people performing the act.
The frequent repetition of an act, to extent
that it becomes characteristic of the group of
people performing the act.
CUSTOM
Culture traditionally practiced by a small,
homogeneous, rural group living in relative
isolation from other groups
Culture traditionally
practiced by a small,
homogeneous, rural group
living in relative isolation
from other groups
FOLK CULTURE
A repetitive act performed by a particular
individual.
A repetitive act
performed by a particular
individual.
HABIT
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society
that shares certain habits despite differences
in other personal characteristics.
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous
society that shares certain habits despite
differences in other personal characteristics.
POPULAR CULTURE
A restriction on behavior imposed by social
custom.
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous
society that shares certain habits despite
differences in other personal characteristics
TABOO
The contribution of a location’s distinctive
physical features to the way food tastes.
The contribution of a location’s distinctive
physical features to the way food tastes.
TERROIR
Chapter 5: Language
Rubenstein
The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the
London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom
British Received Pronunciation
• The dialect of English associated with upperclass Britons living in the London area now
considered standard in the United Kingdom
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the
indigenous language of the people being dominated.
Creole or creolized language
• A language that results from the mixing of a
colonizer’s language with the indigenous
language of the people being dominated.
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and
pronunciation
Dialect
• A regional variety of a language distinguished
by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
Dialect spoken by some African Americans.
Ebonics
• Dialect spoken by some African Americans.
A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no
longer used.
Extinct Language
• A language that was once used by people in
daily activities but is no longer used.
A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; a
combination of Francais and anglais, the French words for “French” and “English,”
respectively.
Franglais
• A term used by the French for English words
that have entered the French language; a
combination of Francais and anglais, the
French words for “French” and “English,”
respectively.
The system of writing used in China and other East Asian counties in which each symbol
represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in
English.
Ideograms
• The system of writing used in China and other
East Asian countries in which each symbol
represents an idea or a concept rather than a
specific sound, as is the case with letters in
English.
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages
predominate.
Isogloss
• A boundary that separates regions in which
different language usages predominate.
A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not
attached to any language family.
Isolated Language
• A language that is unrelated to any other
languages and therefore not attached to any
language family.
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds
understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
Language
• A system of communication through the use
of speech, a collection of sounds understood
by a group of people to have the same
meaning.
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.
Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm
that the branches derived from the same family.
Language Branch
• A collection of languages related through a
common ancestor that existed several
thousand years ago. Differences are not as
extensive or as old as with language families,
and archaeological evidence can confirm that
the branches derived from the same family.
A collection of languages related to each other through a common
ancestor long before recorded history.
Language Family
• A collection of languages related to each other
through a common ancestor long before
recorded history.
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively
recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
Language group
• A collection of languages within a branch that
share a common origin in the relatively recent
past and display relatively few differences in
grammar and vocabulary.
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who
have different native languages.
Lingua Franca
• A language mutually understood and
commonly used in trade by people who have
different native languages.
A language that is written as well as spoken.
Literacy Tradition
• A language that is written as well as spoken.
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of
business and publication of documents.
Official Language
• The language adopted for use by the
government for the conduct of business and
publication of documents.
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited
vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers
of two different languages.
Pidgin Language
• A form of speech that adopts a simplified
grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua
franca, used for communications among
speaker of two different languages.
Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic Americans.
Spanglish
• Combination of Spanish and English, spoken
by Hispanic Americans.
The form of a language used for official government business, education,
and mass communications.
Standard Language
• The form of a language used for official
government business, education, and mass
communications.
A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed
to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.
Vulgar Latin
• A form of Latin used daily conversation by
ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard
dialect, which was used for official documents.
Chapter 6
Rubenstein
• Belief that objects, such as plants and stones,
or natural events, like thunderstorms and
earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and
conscious life.
• Belief that objects, such as plants and stones,
or natural events, like thunderstorms or
earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and
conscious life.
Animism
• A religion that does not have a central
authority but shares ideas and cooperates
informally.
• A religion that does not have a central
authority but shares ideas and cooperates
informally.
Autonomous religion
• The class or distinct hereditary order in which
a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.
• A class or distinct hereditary order into which
a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.
Caste
• A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin
of the universe.
• A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin
of the universe.
Cosmogony
• A division of a branch that unites a number of
local congregations in a single legal and
administrative body.
• A division of a branch that unites a number of
local congregations in a single legal and
administrative body.
Denomination
• The basic unit of geographic organization in
the Roman Catholic Church.
• The basic unit of geographic organization in
the Roman Catholic Church.
Diocese
• A religion with a relatively concentrated
spatial distribution whose principles are likely
to be based on the physical characteristics of
the particular location in which its adherents
are concentrated.
• A religion with a relatively concentrated
spatial distribution whose principles are likely
to be based on the physical characteristics of
the particular location in which its adherents
are concentrated.
Ethnic Religion
• Literal interpretation and strict adherence to
basic principles of a religion (or a religious
branch, denomination, or sect).
• Literal interpretation and strict adherence to
basic principles of a religion (or a religious
branch, denomination or sect).
Fundamentalism
• During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a
city set up by law to be inhabited only by
Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in
which members of any minority group live
because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
• During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a
city set up by law to be inhabited only by
Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in
which members of any minority group live
because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
Ghetto
• A religion in which a central authority
exercises a high degree of control.
• A religion in which a central authority
exercises a high degree of control.
Hierarchical diffusion
• An individual who helps to diffuse a
universalizing religion.
• An individual who helps to diffuse a
universalizing religion.
Missionary
• The doctrine or belief of the existence of only
one god.
• The doctrine or belief of the existence of only
one god.
Monotheism
• A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient
times.
• A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient
times.
Pagan
• A journey to a place considered sacred for
religious purposes.
• A journey to a place considered sacred for
religious purposes.
Pilgrimage
• Belief in or worship of more than one god.
• Belief in or worship of more than one god.
Polytheism
• A relatively small group that has broken away
form an established denomination.
• A relatively small group that has broken away
from an established denomination.
Sect
• Time when the Sun is farthest from the
equator.
• Time when the Sun is farthest from the
equator.
Solstice
• A religion that attempts to appeal to all
people, not just those living in a particular
location.
• A religion that attempts to appeal to all
people, not just those living in a particular
location.
Universalizing religion
• A large and fundamental division within a
religion.
• A large and fundamental division
within a religion.
Branch
Chapter 8: Political
Geography
Rubenstein
An area organized into a political
unit and ruled by an established
government that has control over
it’s internal and external affairs.
State
An area organized into a
political unit and ruled by
an established government
that has control over it’s
internal and external
affairs.
Independence from control of it’s
internal affairs by other states.
Sovereignty
Independence from
control of it’s internal
affairs by other states.
States with very
small land areas.
Microstates
States with very
small land areas.
The effort by one country
to establish it’s political,
economic, and cultural
principles on such
territory.
A sovereign state that
comprises of a town and
the surrounding
countryside.
City-state
A sovereign state that
comprises of a town
and the surrounding
countryside.
Colonialism
The effort by one
country to establish it’s
political, economic, and
cultural principles on
such territory.
Control of a territory
already occupied and
organized by an
indigenous society.
Imperialism
Control of a territory
already occupied and
organized by an
indigenous society.
The distance from the
center to any boundary
does not vary
significantly.
An invisible line
marking the extent of
a state’s territory.
Boundary
An invisible line
marking the extent
of a state’s
territory.
Compact State
The distance from the
center to any
boundary does not
vary significantly.
An otherwise compact
state with a large
projecting extension.
Prorupted State
An otherwise
compact state with a
large projecting
extension.
State with a long and
narrow shape.
Elongated State
State with a long
and narrow shape.
Includes several
discontinuous pieces of
territory.
Fragmented State
Includes several
discontinuous
pieces of
territory.
A state that
completely
surrounds another
one.
Perforated State
A state that
completely
surrounds another
one.
Lacks a direct outlet to
the sea because it is
surrounded by several
other countries.
Landlocked State
Lacks a direct outlet
to the sea because it
is surrounded by
several other
countries.
A zone where no state
exercises complete
political control.
Frontier
A zone where no
state exercises
complete political
control.
Places most power in
the hands of central
government officials.
Unitary State
Places most power
in the hands of
central government
officials.
Allocates strong power to
units of local government
within the country.
Federal State
Allocates strong
power to units of
local government
within the country.
The process of
redrawing legislative
boundaries for the
purpose of benefiting
the party in power.
Gerrymandering
The process of
redrawing legislative
boundaries for the
purpose of benefiting
the party in power.
A condition of roughly
equal strength
between opposing
alliances.
Balance of Power
A condition of roughly
equal strength
between opposing
alliances.
Chapter 9
Development
By Johnny Crim
Countries that have progressed further along
the development continuum.
Has progressed further along the development continuum.
DEVELOPED COUNTRY
A country in an earlier stage of development.
A country in an earlier stage of development.
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
A process of improvement in the material
conditions of people through diffusion of
knowledge and technology.
A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through
diffusion of knowledge and technology.
DEVELOPMENT
Alternative to international trade that
emphasizes small businesses and worker
owned and democratically run cooperatives
and requires employers to pay workers fair
wages, permit union organizing, and comply
with minimum environmental and safety
standards.
Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and
worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires
employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and
comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.
FAIR TRADE
Investment made by a foreign company in the
economy of another country.
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another
country.
FOREIGN DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
Compares the ability of women and men to
participate in economic and political decision
making.
Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and
political decision making.
GENDER EMPOWERMENT
MEASURE
Compares the level of development of women
with that of both sexes.
Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.
GENDER-RELATED DEVELOPMENT
INDEX
Gross domestic product
• The value of the total output of goods and
services produced in a country in a given time
period(normally one year).
The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a
country in a given time period(normally one year).
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
Human development index
Indicator of level of development for each
country, constructed by the united nations,
combining income, literacy, education, and
life expectancy.
Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the
united nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life
expectancy.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
A country in an earlier stage of development.
A country in an earlier stage of development.
LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRY
The percent of a country’s peopled who can
read and write.
The percent of a country’s peopled who can read and
write.
LITERACY RATE
Has progressed further along the development
continuum.
Has progressed further along the development continuum.
MORE DEVELOPED COUNTRY
The portion of the economy concerned with
the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s
surface, generally through agriculture,
although sometimes by mining, fishing, and
forestry.
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of
materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although
sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.
PRIMARY SECTOR
The value of a particular product compared to
the amount of labor to make it.
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor to
make it.
PRODUCTIVITY
Has progressed further along the development
continuum.
Has progressed further along the development continuum.
RELATIVELY DEVELOPED COUNTRY
The portions of earth’s economy concerned
with manufacturing useful products through
processing, transforming, and assembling
raw materials.
The portions of earth’s economy concerned with manufacturing useful
products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw
materials.
SECONDARY SECTOR
Economic policies imposed on LDCs by
international agencies to create conditions
encouraging international trade, such as
raising taxes, reducing government spending,
controlling inflation selling publicly owned
utilities to private corporations, and charging
citizens more for services
Economic policies imposed on LDCs by international agencies to create
conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes,
reducing government spending, controlling inflation selling publicly
owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for
services
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
PROGRAM
The portion of the economy concerned with
transportation, communications, and
utilities, sometimes extended to the
provision of all goods and services to people
in exchange for payment.
The portion of the economy concerned with
transportation, communications, and utilities,
sometimes extended to the provision of all
goods and services to people in exchange for
payment.
TERTIARY SECTOR
A company that conducts research, operates
factories, and sells products in many
countries, not just where its headquarters of
share holders are located.
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells
products in many countries, not just where its headquarters of share
holders are located.
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION
The gross value of the product minus the costs
of raw materials and energy.
The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and
energy.
VALUE ADDED
Chapter 10- Agriculture
Rubenstein
Deliberate modification of
Earth’s surface through
cultivation of plants and
rearing of animals to obtain
sustenance or economic
gain.
Agriculture
Deliberate modification of
Earth’s surface through
cultivation of plants and
rearing of animals to
obtain sustenance or
economic gain.
Any plant
cultivated by
people.
Crop
Any plant
cultivated by
people.
The reproduction of
plants by direct cloning
from existing plants.
Vegetative Planting
The reproduction of
plants by direct
cloning from existing
plants.
The reproduction of
plants through annual
planting of seeds that
result from sexual
fertilization.
Seed Agriculture
The reproduction of
plants through annual
planting of seeds that
result from sexual
fertilization.
The production of food
primarily for
consumption by the
farmer’s family.
Subsistence Agriculture
The production of
food primarily for
consumption by the
farmer’s family.
The production of
food primarily for
sale off the farm.
Commercial Agriculture
The production of
food primarily for
sale off the farm.
A form of subsistence agriculture in
which people shift activity from
one field to another; each field is
used for crops for a relatively few
years and left fallow for a relatively
long period.
Shifting Cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture
in which people shift activity
from one field to another; each
field is used for crops for a
relatively few years and left
fallow for a relatively long period.
Farmers clear land
for planting by
slashing vegetation
and burning the
debris.
Slash-and-burn Agriculture
Farmers clear land for
planting by slashing
vegetation and
burning the debris.
A form of subsistence
agriculture based on the
herding of domesticated
animals.
Pastoral Nomadism
A form of subsistence
agriculture based on
the herding of
domesticated
animals.
Seasonal migration of
livestock between
mountains and lowland
pasture areas.
Transhumance
Seasonal migration of
livestock between
mountains and
lowland pasture
areas.
Grass or other plants
grown for feeding
grazing animals, as well
as land used for
grazing.
Pasture
Grass or other plants
grown for feeding
grazing animals, as
well as land used for
grazing.
A form of subsistence
agriculture in which farmers
must expand a relatively
large amount of effort to
produce the maximum
feasible yield from a parcel
of land.
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
A form of subsistence
agriculture in which
farmers must expand a
relatively large amount of
effort to produce the
maximum feasible yield
from a parcel of land.
The practice of planting
wet rice on dry land in a
nursery and then moving
the seedlings to a flooded
field to promote growth.
Wet Rice
The practice of planting
wet rice on dry land in a
nursery and then moving
the seedlings to a
flooded field to promote
growth.
A flooded field in
Austronesian.
Sawah
A flooded field
in Austronesian.
The Malay word
for wet rice.
Paddy
The Malay word
for wet rice.
Husks of grain
separated from the
seeds by threshing.
Chaff
Husks of grain
separated from the
seeds by threshing.
To beat out grain from
stalks by trampling it.
Thresh
To beat out grain
from stalks by
trampling it.
To remove chaff by
allowing it to be
blown away by the
wind.
Winnow
To remove chaff by
allowing it to be
blown away by the
wind.
The outer covering of a
seed.
Hull
The outer
covering of a
seed.
Harvesting twice a
year from the same
field.
Double Cropping
Harvesting twice
a year from the
same field.
The practice of rotating
use of different fields
from crop to crop each
year to avoid
exhausting the soil.
Crop Rotation
The practice of rotating
use of different fields
from crop to crop each
year to avoid exhausting
the soil.
A large farm that
specializes in one or
two crops.
Plantation
A large farm that
specializes in one
or two crops.
A grass yielding
grain for food.
Cereal grain
A grass
yielding grain
for food.
The ring surrounding a
city from which milk
can be supplied
without spoiling.
Milkshed
The ring
surrounding a city
from which milk
can be supplied
without spoiling.
Wheat planted in
the fall and
harvested in early
summer.
Winter Wheat
Wheat planted in
the fall and
harvested in early
summer.
Wheat planted in the
spring and harvested
in the late summer.
Spring Wheat
Wheat planted in
the spring and
harvested in the
late summer.
A machine that cuts
grain standing in the
field.
Reaper
A machine that
cuts grain
standing in the
field.
A machine that performs
the three tasks of
reaping, threshing, and
cleaning in one
operation.
Combine
A machine that
performs the three
tasks of reaping,
threshing, and
cleaning in one
operation.
The commercial grazing
of livestock over an
extensive area.
Ranching
The commercial
grazing of
livestock over an
extensive area.
The growing of
fruits, vegetables,
and flowers.
Horticulture
The growing of
fruits,
vegetables, and
flowers.
Commercial
gardening and fruit
farming, named for a
Middle English word.
Truck Farming
Commercial
gardening and fruit
farming, named for
a Middle English
word.
An agricultural practice
that preserves and
enhances
environmental quality.
Sustainable Agriculture
An agricultural
practice that
preserves and
enhances
environmental
quality.
A system of planting
crops on ridge tops.
Ridge Tillage
A system of
planting crops
on ridge tops.
Fields are cleared and
utilized for up to 2 years
and left fallow for more
than 20 years, long
enough for the forest to
grow back.
Forest Fallow
Fields are cleared and
utilized for up to 2 years
and left fallow for more
than 20 years, long
enough for the forest to
grow back.
Fields are cleared and
utilized for up to 8 years and
left fallow for up to 10 years,
long enough for small trees
and bushes to grow back.
Bush Fallow
Fields are cleared and
utilized for up to 8 years
and left fallow for up to
10 years, long enough
for small trees and
bushes to grow back.
Fields are cleared and
utilized for perhaps 2
years and left fallow for
up to 2 years, long
enough for wild grasses
to grow back.
Short Fallow
Fields are cleared and
utilized for perhaps 2
years and left fallow for
up to 2 years, long
enough for wild grasses
to grow back.
Fields are used every year
and left fallow for a few
months by planting
legumes and roots.
Annual Cropping
Fields are used
every year and left
fallow for a few
months by planting
legumes and roots.
Fields are used
several times a
year and never left
fallow.
Multicropping
Fields are used
several times a year
and never left
fallow.
Human actions causing
land to deteriorate to a
desertlike condition.
Desertification
Human actions
causing land to
deteriorate to a
desertlike
condition.
The invention and
rapid diffusion of more
productive agricultural
techniques during the
1970’s and 1980’s.
Green Revolution
The invention and rapid
diffusion of more
productive agricultural
techniques during the
1970’s and 1980’s.
Chapter 11: Industry
Rubenstein
A location where transfer is possible
from one mode of transportation to
another
Break-of-bulk point
A location where transfer is possible
from one mode of transportation to
another
An industry in which the final product
weighs more or compromises a greater
volume than the inputs
Bulk-gaining industry
An industry in which the final product
weighs more or compromises a greater
volume than the inputs
An industry in which the final
product weighs less or compromises
a lower volume than the inputs
Bulk-reducing industry
An industry in which the final
product weighs less or compromises
a lower volume than the inputs
Manufacturing based in homes rather
than in factory, commonly found
before industrial revolution
Cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes
rather than in factory, commonly
found before industrial revolution
Form of mass production in which each
worker is assigned one specific task to
perform repeatedly
Fordist Production
Form of mass production in which
each worker is assigned one specific
task to perform repeatedly
A series of improvements in industrial
technology that transformed the
process of manufacturing goods
Industrial revolution
A series of improvements in industrial
technology that transformed the
process of manufacturing goods
An industry for which labor costs make
up a high percentage of total expenses
Labor-intensive industry
An industry for which labor costs
make up a high percentage of total
expenses
Factories built by U.S. companies in
Mexico near the U.S. border, to take
advantage of much lower labor cost in
Mexico
Maquiladora
Factories built by U.S. companies in
Mexico near the U.S. border, to take
advantage of much lower labor cost in
Mexico
Transfer of some types of jobs,
especially those requiring low-paid,
less-skilled workers, from more
developed to less developed countries
New international division of labor
Transfer of some types of jobs,
especially those requiring low-paid,
less-skilled workers, from more
developed to less developed countries
A decision by a corporation to turn over
much of the responsibility for production
to independent supplies
Outsourcing
A decision by a corporation to turn
over much of the responsibility for
production to independent supplies
Adoption by companies of flexible work
rules, such as the allocation of workers
to teams that perform a variety of tasks
Post-Fordist Production
Adoption by companies of flexible work
rules, such as the allocation of workers
to teams that perform a variety of tasks
A U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a
union and company from negotiating a contract
that requires workers to join a union as a
condition of employment
Right-to-work laws
A U.S. state that has passed a law preventing
a union and company from negotiating a
contract that requires workers to join a
union as a condition of employment
Location factors related to the costs of
factors production inside the plant,
such as land, labor, and capital
Site factors
Location factors related to the costs
of factors production inside the
plant, such as land, labor, and capital
Location factors related to
transportation of materials into and
from a factory
Situation factors
Location factors related to
transportation of materials into and
from a factory
A fabric made by weaving, used in
making clothing
Textile
A fabric made by weaving, used in
making clothing
Chapter 12
Rubenstein
Services
• An industry that exports primarily to
consumers outside the settlement.
Basic Industries
• An industry that exports primarily to
consumers outside the settlement.
• To facilitate other businesses.
Business Services
• To facilitate other businesses.
• Services of all types clustered in the center of
the city, commonly called downtown.
Central Business District (CBD)
• Services of all types clustered in the center of
the city, commonly called downtown.
• A market center for the exchange of goods
and services by people attracted from the
surrounding area.
Central place
• A market center for the exchange of goods
and services by people attracted from the
surrounding area.
• Explains how services are distributed and why
a regular pattern of settlements exists.
Central place theory
• Explains how services are distributed and why
a regular pattern of settlements exists.
• Independent self-governing communities that
included the settlement and nearby country
sides.
City-State
• Independent self-governing communities that
included the settlement and nearby country
sides.
• A number of families live in close proximity to
each other, with fields surrounding the
collection of houses and farm buildings.
Clustered Rural Settlement
• A number of families live in close proximity to
each other, with fields surrounding the
collection of houses and farm buildings.
• To provide services to individual consumers
who desire them and can afford to pay for
them.
Consumer Services
• To provide services to individual consumers
who desire them and can afford to pay for
them.
• Farmers living on individual farms isolated
from neighbors rather than alongside other
farmers in settlements.
Dispersed Rural Settlement
• Farmers living on individual farms isolated
from neighbors rather than alongside other
farmers in settlements.
• A community's unique collection of basic
industries.
Economic Base
• A community's unique collection of basic
industries.
• When a country converts their rural
landscapes from clustered settlements to
dispersed patterns.
Enclosure movement
• When a country converts their rural
landscapes from clustered settlements to
dispersed patterns.
• A model that predicts that the optimal
location of a service is directly related to the
number of people in the area and inversely
related to the distance people must travel to
access it.
Gravity model
• A model that predicts that the optimal
location of a service is directly related to the
number of people in the area and inversely
related to the distance people must travel to
access it.
• The area surrounding a service which
customers are attracted to.
Market area (hinterland)
• The area surrounding a service which
customers are attracted to.
• Enterprises whose customers live in the same
community, essentially consumer service.
Nonbasic industries
• Enterprises whose customers live in the same
community, essentially consumer service.
• A country's largest city.
Primate city
• A country's largest city.
• The largest settlement has more than twice as
many people as the second ranking
settlement.
Primate city rule
• The largest settlement has more than twice as
many people as the second ranking
settlement.
• Provide security and protection for citizens
and businesses.
Public services
• Provide security and protection for citizens
and businesses.
• The maximum distance people are willing to
travel to use a service.
Range (of a service)
• The maximum distance people are willing to
travel to use a service.
• A pattern of settlements in a country, such
that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the
population of the largest settlement.
Rank-size rule
• A pattern of settlements in a country, such
that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the
population of the largest settlement.
• Any activity that fulfills a human need or want
and returns money to those who provide it.
Service
• Any activity that fulfills a human need or want
and returns money to those who provide it.
• A permanent collection of buildings and
inhabitants.
Settlement
• A permanent collection of buildings and
inhabitants.
• The minimum number of people needed to
support a service.
Threshold
• The minimum number of people needed to
support a service.
Chapter 13
Rubenstein
Urban Patterns
• Legally adding land area to a city in the United
States.
Annexation
• Legally adding land area to a city in the United
States.
• An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the
Census for which statistics are published; in
urbanized areas, census tracts correspond
roughly to neighborhoods.
Census Tract
• An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the
Census for which statistics are published; in
urbanized areas, census tracts correspond
roughly to neighborhoods.
• The change in density in an urban area from
the center to the periphery.
• A model of the internal structure of cities in
which social groups are spatially arranged in a
series of rings.
Concentric Zone Model
• A model of the internal structure of cities in
which social groups are spatially arranged in a
series of rings.
Density Gradient
• The change in density in an urban area from
the center to the periphery.
• A large node of office and retail activities on
the edge of an urban area.
Edge City
• A large node of office and retail activities on
the edge of an urban area.
• A process of change in the use of a house,
from single-family owner occupancy to
abandonment.
Filtering
• A process of change in the use of a house,
from single-family owner occupancy to
abandonment.
• A process of converting an urban
neighborhood from a predominantly lowincome renter-occupied area to a
predominantly middle-class owner-occupied
area.
Gentrification
• A process of converting an urban
neighborhood from a predominantly lowincome renter-occupied area to a
predominantly middle-class owner-occupied
area.
• A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture,
or other types of open space to limit the
sprawl of an urban area.
Greenbelt
• A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture,
or other types of open space to limit the
sprawl of an urban area.
• In the U.S., a central city of at least 50,000
population, the county within which the city is
located and adjacent counties meeting one of
several tests indicating a functional
connection to the central city.
Metropolitan statistical area
• In the U.S., a central city of at least 50,000
population, the county within which the city is
located and adjacent counties meeting one of
several tests indicating a functional
connection to the central city.
• An urbanized area of between 10,000 and
50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is
found and adjacent counties tied to the city.
Metropolitan statistical area
• An urbanized area of between 10,000 and
50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is
found and adjacent counties tied to the city.
• A model of the internal structure of cities in
which social groups are arranged around a
collection of nodes and activities.
Multiple nuclei model
• A model of the internal structure of cities in
which social groups are arranged around a
collection of nodes and activities.
• A model of North American urban areas
consisting of an inner city surrounded by large
suburban residential and business area tied
together by a beltway or ring road.
Peripheral model
• A model of North American urban areas
consisting of an inner city surrounded by large
suburban residential and business area tied
together by a beltway or ring road.
• Housing owned by the government; in the
United States, it is rented to residents with
low incomes, and the rents are set at 30
percent of the families incomes.
Public Housing
• Housing owned by the government; in the
United States, it is rented to residents with
low incomes, and the rents are set at 30
percent of the families incomes.
• A process by which banks draw lines on a map
and refuse to lend money to purchase or
improve property within the boundaries.
Redlining
• A process by which banks draw lines on a map
and refuse to lend money to purchase or
improve property within the boundaries.
• The four consecutive 15- minute periods in
the morning and evening with the heaviest
volumes of traffic.
Rush Hour
• The four consecutive 15- minute periods in
the morning and evening with the heaviest
volumes of traffic.
• A model of the internal structure of cities in
which social groups are arranged around a
series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out
form the central business district.
Sector Model
• A model of the internal structure of cities in
which social groups are arranged around a
series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out
form the central business district.
• Legislation and regulations to limit suburban
sprawl and preserve farmland.
Smart Growth
• Legislation and regulations to limit suburban
sprawl and preserve farmland.
• Development of new housing sites at
relatively low density an locations that are not
contiguous to the existing built up area.
Sprawl
• Development of new housing sites at
relatively low density an locations that are not
contiguous to the existing built up area.
• An area within a city in a less developed
country in which people illegally establish
residences on land they do not own or rent
and erect homemade structures.
Squatter Settlement
• An area within a city in a less developed
country in which people illegally establish
residences on land they do not own or rent
and erect homemade structures.
• A group in society prevented from
participating in the material benefits of a
more developed society because of a variety
of social and economic characteristics.
Underclass
• A group in society prevented from
participating in the material benefits of a
more developed society because of a variety
of social and economic characteristics.
• An increase in the percentage and in the
number of people living in urban settlements.
Urbanization
• An increase in the percentage and in the
number of people living in urban settlements.
• In the U.S., a central city plus is contiguous
built-up suburbs.
Urbanized area
• In the U.S., a central city plus is contiguous
built-up suburbs.
• A law that limits the permitted uses of land
and maximum density of development in a
community.
Zoning Ordinance
• A law that limits the permitted uses of land
and maximum density of development in a
community.
Chapter 14: Resource Issues
Rubenstein
Power supplied by machines.
Inanimate power
Power supplied by machines.
Metals utilized to make products
other than steel and iron.
Nonferrous
Metals utilized to make products
other than steel and iron.
A source of energy that is a finite
supply capable of being exhausted.
Nonrenewable Energy
A source of energy that is a finite
supply capable of being exhausted.
A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar
radiation found in the stratosphere, a z
zone between 15 and 50 km above
earth’s surface.
Ozone
A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar
radiation found in the stratosphere, a z
zone between 15 and 50 km above
earth’s surface.
Solar energy system that collects
energy without the use of
mechanical devices.
Passive Solar Energy Systems
Solar energy system that collects
energy without the use of
mechanical devices.
An atmospheric condition formed
through a combination of weather
conditions and pollution, especially
from motor vehicle emissions.
Photochemical Smog
An atmospheric condition formed
through a combination of weather
conditions and pollution, especially
from motor vehicle emissions.
Solar energy cells, usually made from
silicon, that collects solar rays to
generate electricity.
Photovoltaic Cell
Solar energy cells, usually made from
silicon, that collects solar rays to
generate electricity.
Addition of more waste than a
resource can accommodate.
Pollution
Addition of more waste than a
resource can accommodate.
The amount of energy in deposits not
yet identified.
Potential Reserve
The amount of energy in deposits not
yet identified.
Maintenance of a resource in its
present condition, with as little
human impact as possible.
Preservation
Maintenance of a resource in its
present condition, with as little
human impact as possible.
The amount of resource remaining in
discovered deposits.
Proven Resource
The amount of resource remaining in
discovered deposits.
Particles from a nuclear reaction that emit
radiation; contact with such particles may be
harmful or lethal to people; therefore the
particles must be safely stored for
thousands of years.
Radioactive Waste
Particles from a nuclear reaction that emit
radiation; contact with such particles may be
harmful or lethal to people; therefore the
particles must be safely stored for
thousands of years.
The separation, collection,
processing, marketing, and reuse of
unwanted material.
Recycling
The separation, collection,
processing, marketing, and reuse of
unwanted material.
A resource that has theoretically
unlimited supply and is not depleted
when used by humans.
Renewable Energy
A resource that has theoretically
unlimited supply and is not depleted
when used by humans.
A substance in the environment that is
useful to people, is economically and
technologically feasible to access, and is
socially acceptable to use.
Resource
A substance in the environment that is
useful to people, is economically and
technologically feasible to access, and is
socially acceptable to use.
A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer
of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day
to reduce emissions of gases and odors from
decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to
discourage vermin.
Sanitary Landfill
A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer
of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day
to reduce emissions of gases and odors from
decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to
discourage vermin.
One that actually has good jokes. (i.e.
Not Mr. Luby.)
Funny Teacher
One that actually has good jokes. (i.e.
Not Mr. Luby.)
The level of development that can be
maintained in a country without depleting
resources to the extent that future
generation will be unable to achieve a
comparable level of development.
Sustainable Development
The level of development that can be
maintained in a country without depleting
resources to the extent that future
generation will be unable to achieve a
comparable level of development.