Transcript English 1 Semester Exam Review

English 1 Semester Exam Review
Conflict
• It is a struggle between two forces.
• These forces can be either internal (feelings)
or external (physical).
• External conflict can exist between two
characters.
• External conflict can also be the conflict that
occurs when a human encounters a physical
challenge.
Conflict con’t
• Internal conflict exists when a character
struggles with an ethical or emotional
challenge.
• You can identify an internal conflict when you
sense that a character is constantly asking
himself or herself "Am I doing the right
thing?" or "Should I speak out against this
behavior?"
Foreshadowing
• A literary device in which an author hints certain
plot developments that perhaps will come to be
later in the story.
• Foreshadowing can be carried out by characters
predicting the future. This may range from a
woman predicting that her son will come to a bad
end if he continues on his way, to a character
with the explicit ability to foresee the future
prophesying an event. Similarly, omens, such as
breaking a mirror, can be used to foreshadow bad
luck.
Mood and Tone
• Mood is the general atmosphere created by the
author’s words. It is the feeling the reader gets from
reading those words. It may be the same, or it may
change from situation to situation.
• Tone is the author’s attitude toward the writing (his
characters, the situation) and the readers. A work of
writing can have more than one tone. An example of
tone could be both serious and humorous. Tone is set
by the setting, choice of vocabulary and other details.
Tone and Mood con’t
• In literature an author sets the tone through
words. The possible tones are as boundless as the
number of possible emotions a human being can
have. Has anyone ever said to you, "Don't use
that tone of voice with me?" Your tone can
change the meaning of what you say. Tone can
turn a statement like, " You're a big help!" into a
genuine compliment or a cruel sarcastic remark.
It depends on the context of the story.
Tone and Mood con’t
• Mood is the emotions that you (the reader) feel while you
are reading. Some literature makes you feel sad, others
joyful, still others, angry.
• The main purpose for some poems is to set a mood. Writers
use many devices to create mood, including images,
dialogue, setting, and plot.
• Often a writer creates a mood at the beginning of the story
and continues it to the end. However, sometimes the mood
changes because of the plot or changes in characters.
• Examples of MOODS include: suspenseful, joyful,
depressing, excited, anxious, angry, sad, tense, lonely,
suspicious, frightened, disgusted
Point of View
• Point of view is the way the author allows you to "see" and
"hear" what's going on.
• Point of view mainly comes in two varieties: First person
and third person.
• First person point of view is in use when a character
narrates the story with I-me-my-mine in his or her speech.
The advantage of this point of view is that you get to hear
the thoughts of the narrator and see the world depicted in
the story through his or her eyes. However, remember that
no narrator, like no human being, has complete selfknowledge or, for that matter, complete knowledge of
anything. Therefore, the reader's role is to go beyond what
the narrator says.
Point of View con’t
• For example, Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird is told from the
point of view of Scout, a young child. She doesn't grasp the complex
racial and socioeconomic relations of her town — but the reader
does, because Scout gives information that the reader can
interpret. Also, Scout's innocence reminds the reader of a simple,
"it's-not-fair" attitude that contrasts with the rationalizations of
other characters.
• Third-person point of view is that of an outsider looking at the
action. The writer may choose third-person omniscient, in which the
thoughts of every character are open to the reader, or third-person
limited, in which the reader enters only one character's mind, either
throughout the entire work or in a specific section. Third-person
limited differs from first-person because the author's voice, not the
character's voice, is what you hear in the descriptive passages.
Point of View con’t
• In Virginia Woolf's wonderful novel Mrs.
Dalloway, you're in one character's mind at a
time. You know the title character's thoughts
about Peter, the great love of her youth, for
example, and then a few pages later, you hear
Peter's thoughts about Mrs. Dalloway.
Fascinating! When you're reading a third-person
selection, either limited or omniscient, you're
watching the story unfold as an outsider.
• Remember that most writers choose this point of
view.
Theme
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Theme is the meaning of the story; the central or dominating idea.
Man Struggles Against Nature: Man is always at battle with human nature,
whether the drives described are sexual, material or against the aging process
itself.
Man Struggles Against Societal Pressure: Mankind is always struggling to
determine if societal pressure is best for living. Check out books like Revolutionary
Road or Mrs. Dalloway for examples of characters who know how society says they
should live, but feel society's dictation is contrary to what makes them happy.
Man Struggles to Understand Divinity: Mankind tries to understand and make
peace with God, but satisfaction is elusive and difficult.
Crime Does Not Pay: A popular theme played out in books throughout time is the
concept that honesty is honored and criminals will eventually be caught. Crime
and Punishment and "The Telltale Heart" are two stories written on this theme.
Overcoming Adversity: Many books laud characters who accept a tough situation
and turn it into triumph. Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind exemplifies a
shrewd person who finds a way to come out on top despite failed relationships
and an economic depression after the Civil War.
Theme con’t
• Friendship is Dependent on Sacrifice: This is the idea that you can't have
friends if you don't act like a friend.
• The Importance of Family: Sacrifices for family are honored and explored,
as are the family bonds that survive adversity.
• Yin and Yang: Just when you think life is finally going to be easy,
something bad happens to balance it all out.
• Love is the Worthiest of Pursuits: Many writers assert the idea that love
conquers all, appealing to the romantic side of us.
• Death is Part of the Life Cycle: Literary works with this theme show how
death and life and intricately connected.
• Sacrifices Bring Reward: Sacrifices and hard work pay off in the end,
despite the challenges along the way.
• Human Beings All Have the Same Needs: From Montagues to Capulets in
Romeo and Juliet or the characters in S.E. Hinton's The Outsiders, book
after book asserts that rich or poor, educated or dumb, all human beings
need love and other basic needs met.
Figurative Language
• Speech or writing that departs from literal meaning in
order to achieve a special effect or meaning. Speech or
writing employing figures of speech.
• There are seven categories of figurative language. They are:
• Imagery
• Simile
• Metaphor
• Alliteration
• Personification
• Onomatopoeia
• Hyperbole
Figurative Language con’t
• Symbolism is the practice or art of using an object or a
word to represent an abstract idea. An action, person,
place, word, or object can all have a symbolic meaning.
When an author wants to suggest a certain mood or
emotion, he can also use symbolism to hint at it, rather
than just blatantly saying it.
• In literature, symbolism can take many forms including:
• A figure of speech where an object, person, or situation has
another meaning other than its literal meaning.
• The actions of a character, word, action, or event that have
a deeper meaning in the context of the whole story.
Figurative Language con’t
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A metaphor is a figure of speech that uses symbolism.
It compares two things that are not similar and shows that they actually do have
something in common.
In a metaphor, there is an additional meaning to a word. This makes it an example
of symbolism.
Examples of symbolism that take the form of metaphors include:
Time is money: This is symbolic because it warns you that when you spend your
time, you are giving up the opportunity to be doing something else with that time
(just as when you spend your money, you give up your chance to do something
else with the money). Further, like money, time is not infinite.
Life is a roller-coaster: This is symbolic because it indicates that there will be ups
and downs in life that you have to weather.
He is a rock: This is symbolic because it signifies that he is strong and dependable.
Love is a jewel: This is symbolic because it suggests that love is rare and pressure.
Figurative Language con’t
• An allusion is a figure of speech that makes a
reference to a place, person, or something
that happened. This can be real or imaginary
and may refer to anything, including paintings,
opera, folk lore, mythical figures, or religious
manuscripts. The reference can be direct or
may be inferred, and can broaden the reader’s
understanding.
Figurative Language con’t
• There are several ways that an allusion can help a
writer:
• Allusions engage the reader and will often help
the reader remember the message or theme of
the passage.
• Allusions allow the writer to give an example or
get a point across without going into a lengthy
discourse.
• Allusions are contingent on the reader knowing
about the story or event that is referenced.
Figurative Language con’t
• Here are some examples that allude to people or events in literature:
• “I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio’s.” This refers to
the story of Pinocchio, where his nose grew whenever he told a lie. It is
from The Adventures of Pinocchio, written by Carlo Collodi.
• “When she lost her job, she acted like a Scrooge, and refused to buy
anything that wasn’t necessary.” Scrooge was an extremely stingy
character from Charles Dickens’, A Christmas Carol.
• “I thought the software would be useful, but it was a Trojan Horse.” This
refers to the horse that the Greeks built that contained all the soldiers. It
was given as a gift to the enemy during the Trojan War and, once inside
the enemy's walls, the soldiers broke out. By using trickery, the Greeks
won the war.
• “He was a real Romeo with the ladies.” Romeo was a character in
Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet, and was very romantic in expressing
his love for Juliet.
Irony
Irony con’t
Irony con’t
Setting
• The setting of a story is where and when the story takes place.
• What Setting Tells Us:
• In William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily," the narrator carefully describes
the house that Miss Emily lives in. This description helps us picture a
decaying Mississippi town in the post-Civil War South. We also learn about
Miss Emily's resistance to change.
• It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated
with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome
style of the seventies, set on what had once been our most select street.
But garages and cotton gins had encroached and obliterated even the
august names of that neighborhood; only Miss Emily's house was left,
lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the
gasoline pumps--an eyesore among eyesores.
• Later we enter the house itself and, eventually, end up inside one
particular room. The physical details of the setting become linked with the
values, ideals, and attitudes of that place in different times.
Cinematic Techniques
• Shot – A single piece of film uninterrupted by cuts.
• Establishing shot – Often a long shot or a series of
shots that sets the scene. It is used to establish setting
and to show transitions between locations.
• Long shot – A shot from some distance. If filming a
person, the full body is shown. It may show the
isolation or vulnerability of the character. (Also called a
Full shot).
• Medium shot – The most common shot. The camera
seems to be a medium distance from the object being
filmed. A medium shot shows the person from the
waist up. The effect is to ground the story.
Cinematic Techniques con’t
• Close up – The image takes up at least 80
percent of the frame.
• Extreme close up – The image being shot is a
part of a whole, such as an eye or a hand.
• Two shot – A scene between two people shot
exclusively from an angle that includes both
characters more or less equally. It is used in
love scenes where interaction between the
two characters is equally important.
Misc.
• Check out these pages in your Spring Board
books:
• 105
• 107
• 118
• 133
• 134
• 153