Transcript Unit 4: Europe - Anderson School District One / Overview

Unit 4: Europe
Human Geography
Mediterranean Europe
History
• Greece
– City-state-political unit
made up of a city and its
surrounding land
– 2000 BC, first democracy
created in Athens
– All free adult males had the
right to serve in assembly
– Athens constantly at war
with Sparta
History
• Roman Empire
– 275 BC
– Republic-government where
citizens elect representatives
to rule
– Rome stretched across Europe,
into Asia, and Northern Africa
– Christianity flourished
– Eventually the empire split in
half
Progress Through Time
• Crusades
• Renaissance
• Spain’s Empire
– 700s
– Muslims and Catholic rulers fought for control of
the area
– Catholic rulers won out, expanded their control to
colonies in South America and North America
Cultural Legacy
• Rome:
– Language: Romance languages developed (minus
Greek)
– Religion: Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholicism
– Architecture
– Politics
Cultural Legacy
• Art
• Architecture
• Aqueducts
– Structures that
carried water over
long distances
Economic Change
• Agriculture to Industry
– Mediterranean nations were
focused more on fishing and
agriculture
– Eventually, manufacturing
increased
• Textiles, automobiles,
clothing, shoes
– 1980s: Greece, Portugal,
Spain joined the European
Union
Economic Change
• Economic Problems
– Northern region is more developed than southern
area
• North is closer to other industrial countries of Europe
• South has poorer transportation system
• Government tried to promote growth in south, but
made bad choices
Modern Life
• Originally, some
countries were
ruled by dictators
– Benito Mussolini
– Francisco Franco
– Eventually (death
and WWII), Spain
set up a
constitutional
government, Italy
set up a republic
Modern Life
• The Basques
– Spanish minority
– Lived in western foothills of
Pyrenees
– Langue is pre-Roman and is
still spoken
– Given independent rule by
Spain, but some want
independence
Modern Life
• City Growth
– People moving to
cities for job
opportunities
– Housing shortages
– Pollution
– Traffic jams
Western Europe
History
• Rome vs. France
– Charlemagne
• Reformation
– Protestant Church emerges
thanks to Martin Luther
– Protestant and Catholic issues
still exist today
Rise of Nation-States
• Nationalism
– Feudalism led to this strong
feeling of loyalty
• France was one of the first
nation-states
– Kings held power
– Rebellion and French
Revolution began in 1789
• Formed a republic
• Conflict arose between
France, Austria, Germany
Rise of Nation-States
• Modern Conflicts:
– WWI
– Holocaust
– Berlin Wall
Economics
• Agriculture to High-Tech
– France, Belgium, Netherlands,
Switzerland
• Dairy farming, livestock
• Produce and export dairy
products
– France, Germany, Netherlands
• Coal, iron ore manufacturing
– Netherlands, Germany, France
• High-tech services (energy,
electronics, scientific
instruments, etc)
Economics
• Tourism and Luxury
Music and Art
• Music
– Famous art from
Germany and Austria
– Classical music is
famous due to this
area of the world
• Painting
– Famous painters
came from Western
Europe
Modern Life
• City Life
– Good public
transportation
– Entertainment
– Smaller homes,
more public
places
– More paid
vacation time
Modern Life
• Recent Conflicts
– Guest workers
– Racism
– Political tension
Northern Europe
History
• Nordic countries: Denmark,
Finland, Iceland, Norway,
Sweden
• Early conquerors:
– Wave after wave of people
would move into N Europe
and push out those before
them
– Ancient peoples of Great
Britain were the Celts
• Roman armies conquered these
people, but Germanic tribes
eventually took over the area
– Vikings/Norsemen
History
• Vikings/Norsemen
– 795 AD
– Denmark, Norway, Sweden
captured much of Europe
– Raided lands from Britain to
Iceland and Greenland, even
North America and Russia
– William the Conqueror of
Normandy conquered England,
began to rule
History
• Denmark, Sweden, Norway
became kingdoms
• Great Britain built an empire
that impacted the rest of the
world (900s)
–
–
–
–
British Isles
Wales
Ireland
Scotland
• United Kingdom expanded its
naval force
– Colonies in Americas, Asia,
Africa, Oceania
Progressing Through Time
• Parliament
– Representative lawmaking body
– Members are elected or appointed
– Established in England
• Industrial Revolution
• World Wars and Colonial Control
• Ireland Issues
Economics
• Industry and Resources
– Sweden and the UK: manufacturing
• Cars, aerospace industries, paper products, food
products, pharmaceuticals
– Natural resources: timber, fishing, oil
Economics
• High-Tech
– Computer software and
hardware
• Union or
Independence?
– Most nations joined the
EU, but some have not
– Euro
Culture
• Language and Religion
– Most speak a Germanic
language due to earlier
invasions
– Reformation: Protestant and
some Catholic
• Theater and Film
• World Literature
Life in Northern Europe
• Social Welfare
– Money for raising children
– Health care systems
– Health insurance programs
– High taxes
• Food and Traditions
• Leisure
– Rugby, cricket, soccer
Eastern Europe
History
• Today: Albania, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Czech Republic,
Hungary, Macedonia, Poland,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Yugoslavia
History
• Cultural Crossroads
– People moved between Asia and Europe; lots of diversity
– Traders, nomads, migrants, armies
– Language, religion, politics, art, literature
• Empires
–
–
–
–
–
Rome had control over most of the area (100 AD)
Byzantine Empire followed
Slavic groups established rule through the late 800s
Ottomans later conquered the area
Eventually, Austria, Prussia, and Russia divided up much of
the territory (especially Poland)
Chaos in the 1900s
• Wars
– Balkan nations of Bulgaria,
Greece, Montenegro,
Romania, Serbia went to
war against Ottomans
– Balkanization-process of a
region breaking up into
small, mutually hostile
units
– Serbia sparked WWI
• This lead to further breaks
and tension in the region
Chaos in the 1900s
• 1939: WWII
– Germany takes over
Poland
– Soviet Union moved
through Eastern Europe
– Soviet Union set up
satellite nations in
Eastern Europe and
communist governments
Chaos of the 1900s
• Recent Changes
– Cold War lasted until
1989/early 1990s
– Satellite nations pretty
much gave up their
Communist control in
1989
– Instability followed, civil
war escalated in
Yugoslavia
Economy
• Industry
– Communism: government
owns all factories and tells
people what to produce
– Eastern European countries
traded only with Russia and
each other, so there was
difficulty making money
– 1989: move to a market
economy
• Now many of these countries
have much better economies
and are thriving
Economy
• Remaining Problems:
– Albania’s economy growth has slowed due to old
equipment, lack of materials, less educated
workers
– Romania’s citizens don’t have money to invest in
business
– Civil wars of the 1990s damaged Yugoslavia and
others, lots of destruction
Culture
• Many languages
– Makes it difficult to unite
• Multiple religions
– Catholicism, Eastern
Orthodox, Protestant,
Islam
– Small Jewish population
Culture
• Art
– Folk art-rural people with
traditional lifestyles (not
professional)
– Music influenced by the
area and traditions
– Dance
Modern Life
• Large cities do exist with thriving industry
• However, the majority of the land is rural and
undeveloped
Modern Life
• Conflict:
– Anti-Semitism
– Tension due to WWII and
Nazis
– Romany/Gypsy
• Democracy:
– Slowly developing due to
inequality