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Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Active Beam Spectroscopy
in Hot Fusion Plasmas
(Introduction)
Manfred von Hellermann
FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, NL
Seminar-I
Institute for Plasma Physics
Academy of Sciences
Hefei, China
May, 5, 2007
Acknowledgement:
CXRS groups at JET, TEXTOR, Tore Supra , ASDEX-UG and
members of the ITPA expert group on Active Beam Spectroscopy
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
1) Introduction to Active Beam Spectroscopy
2) Spectral Analysis, Evaluation and Simulation Codes
3) Beam Emission Spectroscopy and MSE
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Outline
Basic concepts of active beam spectroscopy (CXRS + BES)
 CXRS on JET
 Global Consistency Checks based on CXRS
 CXRS and BES on ITER making use of a DNB
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
CXRS Aims :
1) Helium ash measurement
2) Impurity ion densities
3) Fuel mixture and density
4) Plasma rotation
5) Ion temperature
6) Particle transport studies
BES & MSE Aims :
1) Localisation of active volume
2) Local Beam Density (BES)
3) Density Fluctuations(BES)
4) Local pitch angle (MSE)
5) Local Lorentz field (MSE)
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
Active Beam Spectroscopy ( basic principles)
localized measurement
 quantitative use of intensities
 intrinsic consistency of temperature, rotation
and density
 advanced collisional radiative atomic
modelling
 beam emission spectroscopy as
indispensable collateral to CXRS
 BES and MSE
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
TEC
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Courtesy: Carine Giroud
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
1
I bes ( E ) 
ne  QBES ( E , ne , Ti , Z eff )   nb ( E )ds
4
D-CXRS
Beam Emission Spectroscopy on TEXTOR
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
TEC
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Beam Emission Spectroscopy as tool for absolute calibration
of CXRS signals
Combination of CXRS and BES:
common line of sight and
beam geometry
D( E)  e  D ( E)  e
*
2
 ,*

He (T )  D ( E)  He (T )  D ( E)
M. von Hellermann
0
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
Combination of CXRS
and BES enables
1
deduction of ion densities I bes (E)  4 n e  Q BES  n b (E)ds
without absolute calibration
1
and measurement of
I CXRS (E)  n z  Q CXRS  n b (E)ds
4
optical transmission


local concentration
measurements reduced to a
line ratio measurement
nz I CX  QBES

ne I BES  QCX
Note: Atomic rates Q depend on energy, electron and ion densities and
temperatures
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
TEC
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
Ion Temperature, Velocity and Density measurement
• Ion Temperarure deduced
from Doppler width.
Reference
line
• Velocity can be deduced from
Doppler shift
• Density can be deduced from
measured intensity
v
Ti
• <Zeff> can be deduced from
continuum background
For global consistency all physics parameters extracted simultaneously
from CX spectrum including its baseline need to be validated
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
TEC
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Intensity of Charge-exchange emission
Variation of the cross-section with beam
energy
D0+C6+ -> D+ + C5+ (n=8 -> n=7)
D0+Be4+ -> D+ + Be3+
(n=6 -> n=5)
Effective CX emission
Rates provided by ADAS
http://adas.phys.strath.ac.uk
M. von Hellermann
D0+He2+ -> D+ + He+ (n=4
-> n=3)
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Core CXRS diagnostic at JET
• Spatial resolution: limited
by l.o.s. intersection of flux
surfaces in beam volume
•Time resolution: limited by
detector readout ~50ms.
Courtesy: Carine Giroud
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
Parasitic emission to active charge-exchange emission
• Parasitic emission:
electron impact and passive
CX emission of other species
coming from the edge of the
plasma.
C5+ charge-exchange
spectra
Be1+ electron
impact
C2+ electron
impact
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
TEC
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Parasitic emission to active charge-exchange emission
• Parasitic emission:
passive charge-exchange with thermal
deuterium neutrals
C5+ active CX
C5+ passive CX
Top
view of
torus
Line of sight
Neutral beam
Zone of high passive
charge-exchange
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Some JET CXRS results
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
Courtesy: Carine Giroud
TEC
Example of the use of Charge Exchange measurements
Internal transport barrier
M. von Hellermann
#51976
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
Example of the use of Charge Exchange measurements
• Impurity transport studies
Crucial to study impurity behaviour
Low and high Z impurity: fuel dilution (He ash)
High Z : radiative collapse
Courtesy: Carine Giroud
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
TEC
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
CHEAP
Charge Exchange Analysis Package
Mapping of physics quantities on symmetrised
coordinates (magnetic flux surface indices)
 Monitoring of main low-Z ions including bulk ions
 Self consistent calculation of beam-target interaction
processes
 Primary data consistency checks
(effective ion charge, kinetic plasma energy,
neutron yield
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
JET pulse
#61388
Zeff contributions from C+6, Ar+16 and Ar+18
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Zeff-Visible Bremsstrahlung (Abel inverted)
Zeff reconstructed from C+6, Ar+16 and Ar+18
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
Reconstruction of Thermal and Beam -Thermal Neutron yield in DT
plasma
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
TEC
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
Diagnostic beam for ITER: E=100keV/amu, P=3.6MW,
div=10mrad, distance to blanket opening 19.2m
Chris Walker, ITER CT
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
TEC
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Table II
200 keV, 50 A D beam
Source Dimensions : Y = 1.53 m (high) and X =0.58 m Divergence of
the main beam : 10 mrad
Case
I
II
III
Fx
(m)
21.5
19.2
19.2
Fy
(m)
Ape
rtur
e
loca
tion
(m)
Aperture
dimensio
ns
Divergence
(85% main
beam)
X’(
m)
Y’(
m)

(mr
ad)

(mra
d)
’
(mra
d)
’
(mrad)
19.
2
19.
2
19.
2
0.
108
0.
108
0.
108
0.1
08
0.1
08
0.1
08
10
10
10
10
10
10
30
30
30
30
30
30
19.2
21.5
19.2
Halo
component
(15% main
beam
Fractional
power
transmitt
ed
Launched
power
(MW)
Power at
observatio
n point
(MW)
Current (A)
0.283
0.275
0.29
6
6
6
1.7
1.65
1.74
8.5
8.25
8.7
Courtesy: Drs M.Singh, S.Mattoo, Institute for Plasma Research, India
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
Conceptual optics design
for ITER Core-CXRS U-port
periscope combining neutron
labyrinth and Cassegrain output
optics
TEC
Cassegrain output to fibres
(d o u b el ) v a c u um w ni d ow
Double Vacuum Window
Fibres
f bi e rs to s p e cto
trom espectrometers
te r
a d uj s m
t e n tm e c h a n sim
c a s s e g ra ni o p tci s
full view of DNB path (2m)
Rear of periscope
re a r p a r t o f p o r t p ul g
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Adjustment mechanism
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Step 4
•Placing of upper shielding blocks
•Connection blocks to cooling system
Shielding block
Optics layer
Shielding block
TNO periscope design:
“Central Removable Tube” containing
First-Mirror and Shutter
Friso Klinkhamer, TNO
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Proposed active
(focussed on DNB)
and passive
(off-beam)
fibre bundles
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TRINITI Spectrometer
ITER CXRS proto-type spectrometer developed by TRINITI, Troitsk, RF
Echelle 15th order, F/3, f=500mm, 0.25nm/mm
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
TEC
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Littrow spectro + Pixelvision
ccd
# 104461
TRINITI spectro + Pixis 400B
ccd
CVI @ 5290A
same line of sight
Red: during NBI
Blue: before NBI
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Parameter
Range
Time Res
Space res
accuracy
Vtor
1-200 km/s 10 ms
a/30
30%
Vpol
1-50 km/s
a/30
30%
Ti, core
(r/a<0.9)
Ti, edge
(r/a>0.9)
Core He
density
0.5-40 keV 100 ms
a/10
10%
50eV-10
keV
1-10%
100 ms
Tbd
10%
100 ms
a/10
10%
10 ms
ITER CXRS measurement requirement table
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
S
(1/ 2 ) 
N
I n c  CX exp{  drne  c z z , stop }
z
8  sin   e Z eff g ff L p B
2
 erf (r / w perp )  erf ( Dblanket / w perp ) 

  de
M. von Hellermann

2
obs  z   T / 2r
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Simulated Continuum level, fluctuation and HeII signal
strength for ITER U-port 2 (left) and U-port-3 (right)
U-port-3 continuum level is slightly below U-port-2 level
due to shorter path length through plasma
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
Error Analysis for CVI, U-port-2, =100ms
Error Analysis for simulated HeII spectra, ITER Upper-port-2, =100ms,
Doppler width and shift deduced from simultaneously analysed CVI
DNB induced MSE and CXRS spectrum , B=5.3T, E=100keV/amu
0
D-alpha-edge

3
2

3
2
D-alpha-CX
4
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
MSE and CXRS on D error analysis
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica
TEC
Trilateral Euregio Cluster
TEC
Summary remarks
Active Beam Spectroscopy offers a rich diagnostic potential
for present and future fusion experiments
Substantial progress has been achieved in a quantitative
analysis of active spectra and results are considered as
indispensable input for plasma interpretation codes
Advanced atomic modelling and self consistent analysis
procedures have led to a general acceptance of CXRS as a
reliable diagnostic and plasma control tool
Future fusion devices as ITER do envisage the use of CXRS
with challenging demands on components and beam sources
M. von Hellermann
Association EURATOM-FOM
FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica