Transcript The Church and the Late Middle Ages

Warm Up
• 1. Read the information box on
“Universities THEN and Universities
NOW” on p. 418.
• 2. Answer the two questions on college
during the Middle Ages and today.
Europe leading to the
Renaissance
REVIEW- Role of the Church
• Church:
– unifying force in Europe
• Schism: Roman Catholic & Orthodox Church
– RC > pope (bishop of Rome) head of church
– EO > patriarch head of church
• Monks – men dedicated to God
– separated from society
– lived in monasteries
– Got $ from nobles
• nuns-female monks/ lived in abbeys
• Missionary effort: W. Europe converted by 1050
AD (Patrick in Ireland)
Monastery/Abbey
Popes v. Kings
• Pope religious/political authority –
– owned land in/around Rome (papal states)
• Over time bishops/abbots: vassals to lords
– Chosen for political, not spiritual reasons
• Popes took more power used
– Excommunication – kick people out of
church
Church in High Middle Ages
• Sacraments :
– How a person received God’s grace; taught as necessary for salvation
• Mary, mother of Jesus :
– highest saint
• relics :
– physical objects from the saints worthy of worship
• (piece of cross, head of John t. B.)
– Pilgrimage to churches/monasteries that housed relics
• (Canterbury – Thomas a Becket)
• New orders of monks:
– Franciscan – followed Francis of Assisi; vow of absolute poverty
– Dominican – followed Dominic de Guzman; vowed to fight heresy
(denying beliefs)
– Inquisition founded as Church court to fight heresy (famous Spanish
Inquisition)
Franciscan and Dominican Monks
Decline of Church Power
• Political ambitions of popes > clashes w/kings
• Conflict between pope and king of France
– king of France got French pope elected
• 1305-1377 popes lived in Avignon, France;
– Pope Gregory XI moved papacy back to Rome
– Next pope Italian; French elected own pope
• Papal Schism
–
–
–
–
1378-1417 had 2+ popes (a French and Italian)
Finally a council was called to depose popes
new pope elected and followed
Weakened authority of Church and pope
• This made people QUESTION the Catholic church for the first time
• Jan Hus Czech reformer who called for end to
church corruption- burned as a heretic
Avignon Popes and Jan Hus
“The Black Death”
• Bubonic Plague:
–
–
–
–
–
began 14th C. via trade routes from the East
believed to have been caused by rats bitten by fleas
1347-1351, 38 million died (total European pop. 75 million)
Up to 60% of a town might die, whole villages
Didn’t understand causes, some thought judgment from God
• Blamed Jews: (minority group in Europe)
-Waves of Anti-Semitism – hostility toward Jews
• Economic consequences:
– Lessened trade (scared of outsiders)
– Increased wages for labor (survivors could demand it b/c of fewer workers)
– Virtually ended serfdom ( workers could relocate if they wanted now)
The Black Death
Black Death Music Video
The 100 Years’ War
• PROBLEM: England owned land in France
– 1337- war between countries over rightful king of France
• Remember Eleanor of Aquitaine and her LAND? (long-term cause)
• French king died without an heir, English claimed French throne (French upset)
• English:
– Knights
– relied on peasant soldiers w/ longbow
– were winning at first
• 1429- Joan of Arc - French peasant girl
–
–
–
–
–
convinced French dauphin (crown prince) to let her lead army
won battle of Orleans !!!!
became symbol of hope/determination for French
1430- English captured her, burned her as a heretic
French fought on and WON the war inspired by Joan of Arc as a martyr
• By 1453- French controlled their own territory
Joan of Arc/ Map Analysis- p. 421
Joan of Arc- (Seven Nation Army, White Stripes)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQydM
hY9OpI&list=PLC8ACBA72AB38CB21
Spain and England:
internal conflicts and creation of political stability
leading to the Renaissance
Political Recovery
• England post Hundred Years’ War:
– very weak, in debt
– No heir to throne > War of the Roses (civil war)
– Two families vying for power: Yorks v Lancasters
– Princes in Tower of London (young sons of former king)
• (Richard III takes the throne and becomes king when nephews
“disappear”…most people say he had them killed)
– Finally Henry Tudor (married Eliz. of York, claimed throne as
Henry VII)
• Spain:
– struggle between Christian states and Muslim kingdoms
• 1469- Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon
– unifying Spain under Christian rule
• 1492- Spain kicked all Muslims and Jews out of country
– or they killed them
• To be Spanish = to be Roman Catholic
Art and Scholarship
in the Middle Ages
Birth of Universities
• Grew out of guilds
– producing trained/ educated
individuals
• 1st European university- Italy
– Liberal Arts: rhetoric, grammar, logic,
arithmetic, geometry, music,
astronomy
• Teachers lectured;
– no exams until graduated (4-6 years)
• After liberal arts:
– could specialize (theology, law,
medicine, etc.)
Scholasticism
• Scholasticism –faith and reason joined
– With the rediscovery of Greek/Arab/Indian
thinkers from ancient world, scholars tried to
reconcile secular knowledge w/ Church
• The influence of :
– The Crusades
– Trade after Black Death was over
– Leads to Renaissance
• Thomas Aquinas – monk who reconciled
teachings of Aristotle w/Church
– 2 kinds of knowledge: reason and faith
Thomas Aquinas
Vernacular Literature
• Latin- main language, Church, school, gov’t, trade, etc.
• vernacular – language of everyday speech in a
particular area
– passed on by troubadours, minstrels (entertainers)
– Geoffrey Chaucer- The Canterbury Tales
• Written in English, story of characters taking
pilgrimage to Canterbury
– Dante Alighieri- The Divine Comedy
• Written in Italian about the soul’s journey in the
afterlife
– Heaven/Paradiso, Purgatory/Purgatorio,
Hell/Inferno
• Songs/poetry about stories of knights, ladies, heroic
epics
How architecture changed…
• As Europe progressed from the Middle
Ages into the Late Middle Ages and into
the Renaissance, the architectural style
changes as well. Notice the next slides
and look for the differences in the features
between the Romanesque and Gothic
styles.
• On the last slide, which arch belongs to
Gothic and which to Romanesque?
Architecture
At first built in
Romanesque style –
flat roof, small windows,
thick walls, rounded
arches.
Gothic Cathedral
12th Century: Gothic style –
pointed arches, ribbed vaults
to make building higher,
upward movement
Gothic architecture used flying
buttresses to support weight of roof
and wall
thin walls= huge stained glass
windows
Arches