Transcript DNA & RNA
DNA & RNA
CHAPTER 12
Griffith & Transformation
Discovered transformation using bacteria that causes
pneumonia
Transformation
Process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is
copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
Avery & DNA
Retested Griffith’s experiment to determine what
caused transformation
Discovered that the nucleic acid in DNA stores and
transmits the genetic information from one
generation of an organism to the next
Hershey-Chase Experiment
Studied viruses
Concluded that DNA was the genetic material of
bacteriophages, not protein
Components & Structure of DNA
• DNA is made up of Nucleotides
• Each nucleotide is made up of 3 basic components:
– 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
– A phosphate group
– Nitrogenous base
•
4 nitrogen bases
– Adenine
– Guanine
– Cytosine
– thymine
Chargaff’s Rule
The observation that [A] = [T] & [G] = [C]
Found that in 4 different types of organisms the
amount of A & T were nearly the same as well as the
amount of G & C were nearly the same.
Double Helix
• Watson & Crick built a 3-D model of DNA based on
the evidence found by Franklin using X-ray.
• Found that DNA was a double helix, in which two
strands were wound around each other resembling a
spiral staircase
• Hydrogen bonds hold the two strands together but
only formed between A&T and G&C
• This is called base pairing
12-2 Chromosomes & DNA
Replication
DNA Replication
Each strand of the DNA double helix has all the
information needed to reconstruct the other half by
the mechanism of base pairing.
Replications proceeds in both directions until each
chromosome is completely copied
Duplicating DNA
Before a cell divides it duplicates DNA
During duplication, the DNA molecule separates into
2 strands, produces 2 new complementary strands
based on base pairing.
How Replication Works
Replication is carried about by many enzymes, the
principle enzyme is DNA polymerase
It joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
Proofreads each new DNA strand
12-3 RNA & Protein Synthesis
The Structure of RNA
Consists of a long chain of nucleotides
3 main differences between RNA & DNA
The 5 carbon sugar is ribose, not deoxyribose
RNA is generally single stranded
RNA contains uracil instead of thymine
Types of RNA
RNA has many functions, but in the majority of cells
most RNA molecules are involved in only one thing –
PROTIEN SYNTHESIS
3 main types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Types of RNA
Genes contain instructions for assembling amino
acids into proteins
RNA molecules that carry copies of these
instructions are known as mRNA
Proteins are assembled on the ribosomes. Ribosomes
are made up of several dozen proteins as well as a
form of RNA called rRNA
During protein construction, a third type of RNA
molecule transfers each amino acid to the ribosome
as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA. This is
known as tRNA.
Transcription
RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the
nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary
sequence in RNA. This is called transcription.
Requires RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the
DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand
of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are
assembled into a strand of RNA.
RNA Editing
DNA of eukaryotic genes contains sequences of
nucleotides called introns that are not involved in
coding for proteins.
The DNA sequence that code for proteins are called
exons because the are expressed in the synthesis of
proteins.
When RNA molecules are formed they copy both the
introns and exons.
The Genetic Code
The language of mRNA instructions is called the
genetic code.
A codon consists of 3 consecutive nucleotides that
specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the
polypeptide
There are 64 possible the base codons
During translation, the cell uses information from
mRNA to produce proteins
Mutations & Gene Regulation
Kinds of Mutations
Mutations are changes in the genetic material
Point Mutations = gene mutations involving
changes in one or few nucleotides
Include:
Substitutions
Insertions
Deletions
Frameshift Mutations = shift the “reading
frame” of the genetic message
Examples
Point
The
fat cat ate the wee rat.
The fat hat ate the wee rat.
Frameshift
The fat cat ate the wee rat.
The fat caa tet hew eer at.
Chromosomal Mutations
Involve changes in the number or structure of
chromosomes
May change locations of genes on chromosomes
4 types
Deletions
Duplications
Inversions
Translocations
Examples
Original
ABCDEF
Deletions
ACDEF
Duplications
ABBCDEF
Inversion
AEDBBF
Translocations
ABCJKL
GHIDEF