Transcript Physical Science

Physical Science
Ch. 21
Section 1
Simple Organic Compounds
•Organic compounds
–compounds mostly
found in living things
and containing the
element carbon
• Carbon can form many
compounds
–Has four valence electrons
•Can form 4 covalent bonds
with atoms of elements
–Can bond w/atoms of other
elements
•such as hydrogen and
oxygen.
–Can link together with
other carbon atoms in
many different
arrangements
•Chains
•Branched chains
•Rings
–Can form single, double,
or triple bonds.
•Hydrocarbons
–Made of hydrogen & carbon
•Single Bond Series
–Alkane (ends with –ane)
•Double Bond Series
–Alkene (ends with –ene)
–2 Carbon atoms share 2 electrons
•Triple Bond Series
–Alkyne (ends with –yne)
–2 Carbon atoms share 3 electrons
#C
Prefix
Single
Double
Triple
1
Meth-
-ane
-ene
-yne
2
Eth-
3
Prop-
4
But-
5
Pent-
6
Hex-
7
Hept-
8
Oct-
9
Non-
10
Dec-
#C
Prefix
Single
Double
Triple
1
Meth-
Methane
DNE
DNE
2
Eth-
Ethane
Ethene
Ethyne
3
Prop-
Propane
Propene
Propyne
4
But-
Butane
Butene
Butyne
5
Pent-
Pentane
Pentene
Pentyne
6
Hex-
Hexane
Hexene
Hexyne
7
Hept-
Heptane
Heptene
Heptyne
8
Oct-
Octane
Octene
Octyne
9
Non-
Nonane
Nonene
Nonyne
10
Dec-
Decane
Decene
Decyne
Saturated vs Unsaturated
• Saturated hydrocarbons
–Contain only single-bonded
carbon atoms
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons
–Contain at least one double
or triple bond
Section 2
Other Organic Compounds
Benzene Ring
• AKA – Aromatic compound
–Electrons are shared by all six
carbon atoms in the ring.
–Equal sharing of electrons
• Shown as alternating double
and single bonds
• Causes the benzene molecule
to be very stable
Benzene Ring
C
C
C
C
C
C
• Substituted hydrocarbons
–have one or more of their
hydrogen atoms replaced
by atoms or groups of
other elements
• Ex. Alcohol
-OH
• Organic Acids-COOH
• Mercaptans
-SH
#C
Prefix
Alcohol
1
Meth-
-ol
2
Eth-
-ol
3
Prop-
-ol
4
But-
-ol
5
Pent-
-ol
6
Hex-
-ol
7
Hept-
-ol
8
Oct-
-ol
9
Non-
-ol
10
Dec-
-ol
#C
Prefix
Alcohol
Single
1
Meth-
-ol
Methanol
2
Eth-
-ol
Ethanol
3
Prop-
-ol
Propanol
4
But-
-ol
Butanol
5
Pent-
-ol
Pentanol
6
Hex-
-ol
Hexanol
7
Hept-
-ol
Heptanol
8
Oct-
-ol
Octanol
9
Non-
-ol
Nonanol
10
Dec-
-ol
Decanol
Section 3
Petroleum – A source
of Carbon Compounds
• Petroleum
–mixture of thousands of carbon
compounds
• Fractional distillation
–process that uses the different
boiling points of compounds to
separate the individual carbon
compounds in petroleum
• Uses of petroleum compounds
–Fuels, solvents, asphalt & plastics
• Monomers
–small molecules that form
links in the polymer chain
• Polymers
–extremely large, chain-like
molecules
Polymers
• Can be made to have different
properties
– From light and flexible to strong and rigid.
• These properties depend on:
– The monomers used to make the polymer
– Amount of branching in polymer molecule
– How the polymer is shaped
• Example: Polyethylene
– Made when ethylene combines with itself
repeatedly
– Uses:
• shopping bags, plastic bottles