Transcript Artificial Insemination in Large Animals

Artificial Insemination in Large
Animals
Tony Seykora
University of Minnesota
Characteristics of Ejaculates
Volume (ml)
Sperm / ml 106
Dairy Bulls
7
1250
Beef Bulls
5
1500
Rams, Bucks
1
2000
225
125
90
125
Boars
Stallions
Effect of AI to Dairy Industry
Parameter
1945
1985
Dairy cows (no.)
Milk production (lbs.)
Milk/cow (lbs.)
Total feed
Feed Costs
25 mil
120 mil
4,800
11 mil
140 mil
12,700
Change
-56%
+16%
+265%
-30%
-$3 bil
80% of dairy calves born as the result of A.I.
Milk Production Record
•
•
•
•
True-Blue Duster Ihm Jen
61,030 pounds in a 365 day lactation (3X)
~ 167 lbs a day
Probably gave ~ 305 at peak lactation
Semen Collection
• Semen used for AI can be collected
by:
rectal massage
electroejaculation
artificial vagina
Semen Collection (con’t.)
• The most common method of collection
is the artificial vagina as this results in the
highest quantity and quality of semen.
Semen Collection (con’t.)
• The artificial vagina consists of a large
rubber tube lined with a water holding
jacket.
• A receptacle for collecting the semen is
attached to the end of the tube.
Semen Evaluation
• After the semen
has been
collected, it is
examined in the
lab under a
microscope for
motility and
morphology.
Semen
must contain at least 40 million
cells per cc before freezing and 12.5 million
cells per cc after thawing to be used for AI.
After the semen sample passes a thorough
evaluation, it must be processed using an
extender.
The extender dilutes the semen sample so it
can be divided into several units for the
fertilization of many eggs.
The extender also dilutes the waste products
produced by the sperm so the sperm remains
viable.
Processing the Semen
• Extender also
provides
nourishment and
protects the
semen after it has
been frozen.
• Common
extenders added
to semen include New extenders are now
milk, egg yolk,
developed that contain no
glycerine, and
animal products!
antibiotics.
Freezing the Semen
• Semen is frozen at
a constant rate
until it reaches a
temperature of –
320 F.
• Semen is stored in
liquid nitrogen
tanks to preserve
it.
Heat Detection Recommendations
 Patience
 Don’t distract cows – move quietly
 At least two 45 minute sessions (early
morning and late evening)
 Use heat detection aids
 Use secondary heat signs
 mounting other females
 Swollen vulva
 mud on flanks or rubbed off brand
Onset of
Heat
Artificial
Insemination
Sperm
Capacitation
0
12
16
20
Hours
Ovulation
and
Fertilization
24 25
33
Semen is thawed by placing in 95 degree
F water bath.
• The straw is placed into the end of the AI
rod and a protective sheath is put over
the rod.
• The plunger is locked into place.
Locating the Cervix
• The technician should insert one hand
into the cow’s rectum to locate the
reproductive tract and cervix.
Cleaning the Vulva
• The skin around
the vagina (the
vulva) should be
cleaned with
paper towels to
avoid
contaminating the
cow when
inserting the AI rod
into the vagina.
Inserting the Insemination
Gun
• Once the cervix has been located, the AI
rod is inserted through the vagina into the
reproductive tract.
• The rod must be passed through the
three muscular rings of the cervix and
into the body of the uterus.
Depositing the Semen
• Once the
technician is sure
the rod has
passed through all
three rings of the
cervix, the semen
is deposited into
the body of the
uterus.
Uterine horns
Oviduct
Site of
Fertilization
Ovary
Cervix
Uterine body
‘TARGET’
Kamar patches
Useful on cows you suspect
may be coming into heat, but
not yet showing standing
heat.
Expensive ~ 1.00/ apiece
Should be used as tool to
supplement visual detection
not replace it
Tail Chalking
Can be prone to errors
Less labor intensive
than observation
CHEAP
Other Methods




teaser gomer bulls
chin ball marker
steroid-treated cows
Pedometers
Estrus synchronization
• Estrus synchronization is a management tool
with several different procedures
• If used properly it can increase pregnancy
rate.
• No matter how well used will not increase
conception rate
• Increases pregnancy rate by increasing
service rate
Synchronization Products
Prostaglandin (PGF)
Lutalyse
Estrumate
X
X
Follicle
Corpus Luteum
Progesterone
Ovulation
Synchronization Products
Progestins
Melengestrol Acetate (MGA)
Norgestomet
CIDR
Follicle
Corpus Luteum

Progesterone
Ovulation
X
Synchronization Products
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Cysterelin
Fertagyl
Facterel
Corpus Luteum
Progesterone
Follicle

Ovulation
Ovsynch (Timed-A.I.)
PGF2
GnRH
7 days
GnRH = $3.50
PGF2 = $3.00
Timed
GnRH A.I.
2 days
Total Cost $10
18-24 hr
Presynch
GnRH
14 d
PGF2
12 d
PGF2
Cost $16
GnRH
7d
48h 24h
PGF2
Time
inseminate
Estrus Detection and AI
2 × PGF
100 cows in herd
PGF
-14
No. detected in estrus:
Synchronization Rate:
Conception Rate:
Pregnancy Rate:
PGF
Heat detect
and AI
0
65
65%
42/65 = 65%
42/100 = 42%
6
Timed AI
CO-Synch + CIDR
100 cows in herd
GnRH
PGF
GnRH
& AI
0
2-3
CIDR
-7
MGA
No. detected in estrus:
Synchronization Rate:
Conception Rate:
Pregnancy Rate:
-1
60/100 = 60%
60/100 = 60%
Relative Price for Estrous
Synchronization Products
PGF (Lutalyse, Estrumate, Prostamate):
$ 2 to 3
Ave = $2.50
GnRH (Cysterelin, Factrel, Fertagyl):
$ 2.50 to 6 Ave = $4.50
Progestins (MGA, CIDR):
MGA - $ 0.05 to 0.20/head/day
Ave = $ 0.10/head/day
CIDR - $ 6.50 to 10.00
Ave = $ 8.00
Why AI for Beef?
 Disease prevention
 Widespread selection of bulls
 Proven genetics
 Reduce costs associated with
bull maintenance
 Uniformity
 Genetic selection of replacements
improves overall cowherd genetics
Ultrasound Evaluation of Fetal
Development for Twin Pregnancies
ET
D 7
US
US
d 33
d 69
US
RP
Live Birth
d 108
d180
Birth
No. of transfers
37
37
36
36
36
36
Pregnant recipients
37
30
27
24
22
21
Twins
37
11
9
8
7
% twins of pregnant recipients
100
57
41
38
36
33
17
Early Embryonic Pregnancy Detection
25 Day Pregnancy
35 Day Pregnancy
50 Day Pregnancy
Inducing Twins in Cows by Transferring
Two Demi-Embryos
Single Birth
Calving percent, %
95
Twin Birth
130
Weaning percent, %
Sets of twins
Weaning wt of twins, lb
Weaning wt of singles, lb
Ave weaning wt, lb
90
3
425
550
541.00
120
30
425
550
487.50
Weaning wt/cow, lb
486.90
585
Price/lb, $
1.00
1.05
Revenue/cow, $
486.90
614.25
Swine A.I.
% of Sows Bred A.I.
• 1990
• 1997
• 2004
7%
50%
75-80%
Boars collected 2 to 3 times per week.
12 inseminations per ejaculate.
Assuming 2 inseminations per sow equals
greater than 500 sows serviced per boar.
A.I. Advantages in Swine
•
•
•
•
•
Saves time.
Fewer boars to maintain.
Mate animals of different sizes
Works for producers of all sizes
More offspring from boars of top genetics
Procurement of Boar Semen
• Semen purchased form
commercial studs
• Semen collected from boars on
farm.
• Producers in area cooperatively
own boars
• Semen obtained from own boars
boarded and collected at a
commercial facility.