Transcript Private Pilot Ground School - Flight Training, Flight

Private Pilot Ground
School
Chris Tavenner CFI/MEII
www.tractorking.com
Aircraft
Control
Surfaces
Flaps
• Flaps increase lift and create drag allowing a
greater rate of decent without increasing airspeed.
• Flaps are located on the trailing edge of the wing.
Aileron
• Ailerons bank the
aircraft along the
longitudinal axis by
inducing greater lift.
• Connected to the
yoke via cables and
pulley's.
• Located on the
outboard trailing edge
of the wing
Rudder
• Rudder controls the
direction of the aircraft
about the yaw axis.
• Connected to the Rudder
pedals via cable and
pulleys.
• Rudder is located on the
trailing edge of the
vertical stabilizer.
Elevator
• The Elevator controls the pitch
attitude of the aircraft about the
lateral axis
• Connected to the Yoke via
cable and pulleys.
• Located on the trailing edge of
the horizontal stabilizer
• Usually adjusted with Elevator
Trim Tabs.
Four Forces of Flight
•
•
•
•
Lift-Upward
Thrust-Forward
Weight-Downward
Drag-Backward
• All forces are equal in
straight and level flight.
Stalls
• A stall occurs when the Critical Angle of Attack has
been exceeded.
• The Critical Angle of Attack is when the air can no
longer flow over the top of the wing and lift diminished.
Spins
• A spin occurs
when one
wing is less
stalled than
the other.
• A plane must
be stalled in
order to spin
Ground Effect
• Airplanes experience Ground Effect approximately one
wing length from the surface.
• Ground effect increases lift without corresponding drag
increase
• Ground effect causes the aircraft to float longer during
landing
• Ground effect can also cause an aircraft to become
airborne before proper takeoff airspeed has been
acquired.
Turns in an Airplane
• Banking the aircraft
creates a Horizontal
Component of Lift.
• The Rudder and
Aileron are used to
maintain coordinated
turn and eliminate
adverse yaw.
Aircraft Stability
• Inherently stable aircraft will return to to straight
and level flight.
• Center of Gravity affects longitudinal stability of
the aircraft.
• Rearward CG=less stable/more maneuverable,
difficult to recover from a stall, shorter take off
roll, more efficient.
• Forward CG= more stable/less maneuverable,
harder to flare for landing, longer takeoff roll,
less efficient.
Aircraft Stability
• CG is always
forward of the
Center of Lift
• Horizontal
stabilizer
creates a
downward
lifting action.
LEFT TURNING
TENDENCIES
Torque
• Newton's third law- For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
• Greatest at- Low Airspeeds, High Power settings, High
Angles of Attack [takeoff]
P-Factor
• Yawing tendency due
to asymmetrical
propeller loading.
• At high angles of
attack the descending
blade has more “bite”,
providing more thrust.
• Creates a adverse
yaw to the left that
must be corrected
with right rudder input
Propeller Slipstream
• Effect of the airflow created by the spinning
propeller striking the tail of the aircraft.
• Causes aircraft to Yaw Left
Gyroscopic Precession
• Reaction of a gyroscope in motion.
• Force is felt 90 degrees ahead of the direction of
rotation.
• Creates a left yawing tendency, especially noticeable in
tail wheel aircraft
LOAD FACTOR
• Additional weight
carried by the wings
due to centrifugal
force.
• Load Factor can
increase stall speed.
• As Bank angle
increases load factor
increases