Transcript No Slide Title

8-1
Chapter Eight
Motivational Needs
and Processes
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
8-2
Learning Objectives
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•
•
•
•
Define motivation
Identify the primary, general, and secondary needs
Discuss the major content theories of work motivation
Explain the major process theories of work motivation
Present the contemporary equity and procedural justice
theories
• Analyze work motivation across cultures
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
8-3
The Basic Motivation Process
NEEDS
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
DRIVES
INCENTIVES
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8-4
Learned (Secondary) Motives
Need for
Achievement
Need for
Security
Secondary
Needs
Need for
Power
Need for
Status
Need for
Affiliation
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© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
8-5
The Theoretical Development Of
Work Motivation
1900
Scientific Management
wage incentives
Human Relations
economic security
working conditions
Lewin and Tolman
Maslow
Vroom
hierarchy of needs
valence/expectancy
expectancy concerns
Herzberg
Porter and Lawler
motivators and hygienes
performance-satisfaction
Festinger and Homans
cognitive dissonnance
Adams
Alderfer
ERG needs
Present
CONTENT THEORIES
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Lawler
equity
E P, P O expectancies
PROCESS THEORIES
WORK MOTIVATION
CONTEMPORARY
THEORIES
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Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs
8-6
SELFACTUALIZATION
ESTEEM NEEDS
LOVE NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
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© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
A Hierarchy Of Work Motivation
8-7
SELFACTUALIZATION
Personal growth,
realization of potential
ESTEEM NEEDS
Titles, status symbols,
promotions, banquests
SOCIAL NEEDS
Formal and informal
work groups or teams
SECURITY NEEDS
Seniority plans, union, health insurance,
employee assistance plans, severance pay, pension
BASIC NEEDS
Pay
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Comparisons Among Alderfer’s, Maslow’s
And Herzberg’s Theories
Alderfer’s
ERG Needs
Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs
8-8
Herzberg’s
Two Factors
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
GROWTH
ESTEEM
Self
Others
RELATEDNESS
MOTIVATORS
LOVE
SAFETY
HYGIENE
FACTORS
EXISTENCE
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PHYSIOLOGICAL
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The Vroom VIE Theory Of Work Motivation
8-9
INSTRUMENTALITIES
EXPECTANCY
First-level
Outcomes
Second-level
Outcomes
Outcome 1a
Outcome 1
MOTIVATIONAL FORCE
F   Valence x Expectancy
Outcome 1b
Outcome 2
Outcome 2a
Outcome 2b
Outcome 2c
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
The Porter-Lawler Motivation Model
Value
of reward
8-10
Perceived
equitable
rewards
Abilities
and traits
Intrinsic
rewards
Effort
Performance
(accomplishments)
Satisfaction
Extrinsic
rewards
Perceived
effort reward
probability
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Role
perceptions
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.