Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities
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Transcript Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities
Chapter 7
Chemical Quantities
Charles Page High School
Dr. Stephen L. Cotton
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Section 7.1
The Mole: A Measurement of
Matter
OBJECTIVES:
–Describe how Avogadro’s
number is related to a mole of
any substance.
2
Section 7.1
The Mole: A Measurement of
Matter
OBJECTIVES:
–Calculate the mass of a mole of
any substance.
3
What is a Mole?
You
can measure mass,
or volume,
or you can count pieces.
We measure mass in grams.
We measure volume in liters.
We
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count pieces in MOLES.
Moles (abbreviated: mol)
Defined
as the number of carbon
atoms in exactly 12 grams of
carbon-12.
1 mole is 6.02 x 1023 particles.
Treat it like a very large dozen
6.02
x 1023 is called Avogadro’s
number.
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Representative particles
The
smallest pieces of a substance.
–For a molecular compound: it is
the molecule.
–For an ionic compound: it is the
formula unit (ions).
–For an element: it is the atom.
»Remember the 7 diatomic
elements (made of molecules)
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Types of questions
How
many oxygen atoms in the
following?
–CaCO3
–Al2(SO4)3
How many ions in the following?
–CaCl2
–NaOH
–Al2(SO4)3
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Types of questions
How
many molecules of CO2 are
there in 4.56 moles of CO2 ?
How many moles of water is 5.87 x
1022 molecules?
How many atoms of carbon are
there in 1.23 moles of C6H12O6 ?
How many moles is 7.78 x 1024
formula units of MgCl2?
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Measuring Moles
Remember
relative atomic mass?
The amu was one twelfth the mass
of a carbon-12 atom.
Since the mole is the number of
atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12,
the decimal number on the periodic
table is also the mass of 1 mole of
those atoms in grams.
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Gram Atomic Mass (gam)
Equals
the mass of 1 mole of an
element in grams
12.01 grams of C has the same
number of pieces as 1.008 grams of
H and 55.85 grams of iron.
We can write this as
12.01 g C = 1 mole C
We can count things by weighing
10 them.
Examples
How
much would 2.34 moles of
carbon weigh?
How many moles of magnesium is
24.31 g of Mg?
How many atoms of lithium is 1.00
g of Li?
How much would 3.45 x 1022 atoms
of U weigh?
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What about compounds?
in 1 mole of H2O molecules there are
two moles of H atoms and 1 mole of O
atoms
To find the mass of one mole of a
compound
– determine the moles of the elements
they have
– Find out how much they would weigh
– add them up
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What about compounds?
What is the mass of one mole of CH4?
1 mole of C = 12.01 g
4 mole of H x 1.01 g = 4.04g
1 mole CH4 = 12.01 + 4.04 = 16.05g
The Gram Molecular Mass (gmm) of
CH4 is 16.05g
– this is the mass of one mole of a
molecular compound.
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Gram Formula Mass (gfm)
The mass of one mole of an ionic
compound.
Calculated the same way as gmm.
What is the GFM of Fe2O3?
2 moles of Fe x 55.85 g = 111.70 g
3 moles of O x 16.00 g = 48.00 g
The GFM = 111.70 g + 48.00 g =
159.70 g
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Section 7.2
Mole-Mass and Mole-Volume
Relationships
OBJECTIVES:
–Use the molar mass to convert
between mass and moles of a
substance.
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Section 7.2
Mole-Mass and Mole-Volume
Relationships
OBJECTIVES:
–Use the mole to convert among
measurements of mass,
volume, and number of
particles.
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Molar Mass
Molar
mass is the generic term for
the mass of one mole of any
substance (in grams)
The same as: 1) gram molecular
mass, 2) gram formula mass, and 3)
gram atomic mass- just a much
broader term.
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Examples
Calculate the molar mass of the
following and tell what type it is:
Na2S
N2O4
C
Ca(NO3)2
C6H12O6
(NH4)3PO4
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Molar Mass
The
number of grams of 1 mole
of atoms, ions, or molecules.
We can make conversion factors
from these.
–To change grams of a
compound to moles of a
compound.
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For example
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How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
For example
How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
5.69 g
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For example
How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
mole
5.69 g
g
need to change grams to moles
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For example
How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
mole
5.69 g
g
need to change grams to moles
for NaOH
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For example
How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
mole
5.69 g
g
need to change grams to moles
for NaOH
1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g
1 mole of H = 1.01 g
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For example
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How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
mole
5.69 g
g
need to change grams to moles
for NaOH
1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g
1 mole of H = 1.01 g
1 mole NaOH = 40.00 g
For example
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How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
1 mole
5.69 g
40.00 g
need to change grams to moles
for NaOH
1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g
1 mole of H = 1.01 g
1 mole NaOH = 40.00 g
For example
How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
5.69 g
need to change grams to moles
for NaOH
1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g
1 mole of H = 1.01 g
1 mole NaOH = 40.00 g
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1 mole
= 0.142 mol NaOH
40.00 g
Examples
How
many moles is 4.56 g of
CO2?
How many grams is 9.87 moles of
H2O?
How many molecules is 6.8 g of
CH4?
49 molecules of C6H12O6 weighs
how much?
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Gases
Many
of the chemicals we deal with
are gases.
–They are difficult to weigh.
Need to know how many moles of gas
we have.
Two things effect the volume of a gas
–Temperature and pressure
We need to compare them at the same
temperature and pressure.
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Standard Temperature and
Pressure
0ºC
and 1 atm pressure
abbreviated STP
At STP 1 mole of gas occupies
22.4 L
Called the molar volume
1 mole = 22.4 L of any gas at STP
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Examples
What
is the volume of 4.59 mole
of CO2 gas at STP?
How many moles is 5.67 L of O2
at STP?
What is the volume of 8.8 g of
CH4 gas at STP?
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Density of a gas
D=m/V
–for a gas the units will be g / L
We can determine the density of any
gas at STP if we know its formula.
To find the density we need the mass
and the volume.
If you assume you have 1 mole, then
the mass is the molar mass (from PT)
32 At STP the volume is 22.4 L.
Examples
Find
the density of CO2 at STP.
Find the density of CH4 at STP.
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The other way
Given
the density, we can find the
molar mass of the gas.
Again, pretend you have 1 mole at
STP, so V = 22.4 L.
m = D x V
m is the mass of 1 mole, since you
have 22.4 L of the stuff.
What is the molar mass of a gas with a
density of 1.964 g/L?
34 2.86 g/L?
Summary
These
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four items are all equal:
a) 1 mole
b) molar mass (in grams)
c) 6.02 x 1023 representative
particles
d) 22.4 L at STP
Thus, we can make conversion
factors from them.
Section 7.3
Percent Composition and
Chemical Formulas
OBJECTIVES:
–Calculate the percent
composition of a substance
from its chemical formula or
experimental data.
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Section 7.3
Percent Composition and
Chemical Formulas
OBJECTIVES:
–Derive the empirical formula
and the molecular formula of a
compound from experimental
data.
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Calculating Percent Composition of
a Compound
Like
all percent problems:
Part
x 100 %
whole
Find the mass of each
component,
then divide by the total mass.
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Example
Calculate
the percent
composition of a compound that
is 29.0 g of Ag with 4.30 g of S.
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Getting it from the formula
If
we know the formula, assume
you have 1 mole.
Then you know the mass of the
pieces and the whole.
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Examples
Calculate
the percent
composittion of C2H4?
How about Aluminum carbonate?
–Sample Problem 7-11, p.191
We can also use the percent as a
conversion factor
–Sample Problem 7-12, p.191
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The Empirical Formula
The
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lowest whole number ratio of
elements in a compound.
The molecular formula = the actual
ratio of elements in a compound.
The two can be the same.
CH2 is an empirical formula
C2H4 is a molecular formula
C3H6 is a molecular formula
H2O is both empirical & molecular
Calculating Empirical
Just
find the lowest whole number
ratio
C6H12O6
CH4N
It is not just the ratio of atoms, it is
also the ratio of moles of atoms.
In 1 mole of CO2 there is 1 mole of
carbon and 2 moles of oxygen.
In one molecule of CO2 there is 1
43 atom of C and 2 atoms of O.
Calculating Empirical
We
can get a ratio from the
percent composition.
Assume you have a 100 g.
The percentages become grams.
Convert grams to moles.
Find lowest whole number ratio
by dividing by the smallest.
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Example
Calculate
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the empirical formula of a
compound composed of 38.67 % C,
16.22 % H, and 45.11 %N.
Assume 100 g so
38.67 g C x 1mol C
= 3.220 mole C
12.01 gC
16.22 g H x 1mol H
= 16.09 mole H
1.01 gH
45.11 g N x 1mol N = 3.219 mole N
14.01 gN
Example
The
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ratio is 3.220 mol C = 1 mol C
3.219 molN
1 mol N
The ratio is 16.09 mol H = 5 mol H
3.219 molN
1 mol N
= C1 H 5 N 1
A compound is 43.64 % P and 56.36
% O. What is the empirical formula?
Caffeine is 49.48% C, 5.15% H,
28.87% N and 16.49% O. What is its
empirical formula?
Empirical to molecular
Since
the empirical formula is the
lowest ratio, the actual molecule
would weigh more.
By a whole number multiple.
Divide the actual molar mass by the
empirical formula mass.
Caffeine has a molar mass of 194 g.
what is its molecular formula?
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Example
A
compound is known to be
composed of 71.65 % Cl, 24.27%
C and 4.07% H. Its molar mass is
known (from gas density) to be
98.96 g. What is its molecular
formula?
Sample Problem 7-14, p.194
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