Transcript Welcome to Radiology

Welcome to Radiology
Introduction and Chapter 1
What to Expect
• You are going to learn a lot in a
short period of time.
• This is a very fast paced class,
so you will need to keep up.
• If you ever have any concerns
or questions, please let me
know.
My contact information
• Please use it with care.
• I prefer texts, but be sure to sign
who you are.
• Krista D. Wilkerson, R.V.T.
• 210-601-0170
• [email protected]
• [email protected]
Other things to know
• We will be dividing into groups
for the lab portion of this
course.
• 4-5 people per team.
• I will assign the groups and will
have final say as to who will be
in a group with one another.
• Groups will be assigned by
Friday.
How I grade:
• There will be a minimum of one
unannounced quizz per week.
• I give homework on Friday that
is due on Monday.
• Case reports will also be due on
Mondays.
• Anything that is late will be
penalized 10% a day.
• Homework counts once, quizzes
twice, and exams 3 times.
Lab portion of class
• Kennels do count in this class.
• You will receive a lab participation grade.
• If you are late to lab you are penalized 5
points.
• If you are absent from lab you are
penalized 10 points.
• Your portion of the portfolio will be
counted as a percentage of your
attendance.
• Your final radiographic portfolio will count
3 times and consist of 10 radiographs that
you wish for me to grade (we will go over
this portion in detail as the class goes on).
Lab portion Continued
• First lab will be on Monday,
September 19.
• You will be assigned a particular
time in which you will be responsible
for taking your radiographs of an
assigned animal.
• IF YOU ARE PREGNANT OR BECOME
PREGNANT DURING THIS CLASS,
SEE ME IMMEDIATELY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Tentative Course
Schedule
• There will unannounced “pop” quizzes
every week.
• There will be a “safety quiz” on September,
6. You must pass this quiz with an 80 or
higher in order to participate in lab.
• Exam 1 will be Thursday, September 15
over chapters 1-12.
• Exam 2 will be on Wednesday, September
28 over chapters 13-17.
• Final exam will be October 19 and will be
comprehensive.
• Final lab portfolio is due Tuesday, October
18.
Soo……..
• Lets have fun, learn a lot and
DO THIS!!
Chapter 1
• Why is radiology important?
• What makes a good radiograph?
• What is a radiograph?
answers
• Radiology is important because
it allows us to visualize inside
an animal in a very non-invasive
way.
• If a radiograph is diagnostic,
then it is considered a “good”
radiograph.
Diagnostic vs. NonDiagnostic
So what is a radiograph?
• A radiograph is a visible image
on x-ray film.
• Image receptors and detectors
convert invisible ionizing
radiation into a visible image.
• Understand the difference
between a radiograph and an
x-ray.
X-rays
• X-rays are the electromagnetic
radiation similar to visible light
but of shorter wavelength.
• Remember a radiograph is the
actual image.
What is Electromagnetic
Radiation?
• Method of transporting energy
through space and is
distinguished by wavelength,
frequency and energy.
• Different forms of
electromagnetic radiation.
• Radio waves, television waves,
radar, infrared waves, visible light,
gamma rays, UV rays, etc.
2 Characteristics of
Electromagnetic Radiation
• 1. Particles
• 2. Waves
Particles
• Essentially
atoms.
• What makes up
an atom?
• Protons (positive
charge)
• Neutrons
(neutral charge)
• Electrons
(negative
charge)
The Atom
• Nucleus has
protons and
neutrons
• Electrons are
negative and
travel around
nucleus in orbits
called shells.
Waves
• All radiant energy travels in
wave form along a straight path
and is measured by it’s
wavelength.
• Wavelength- distance between
2 corresponding points on a
wave.
Wavelength
• Shorter wavelength=high
frequency=greater energy
• Longer wavelength=low
frequency=lesser energy
• High frequency=more
penetrating power the energy
has through space and matter
• So x-rays with shorter
wavelengths penetrate farther
than x-rays with longer
wavelengths.
Electromagnetic
Spectrum
• Electromagnetic Radiation is
grouped according to
wavelength and frequency.
• This grouping is called the
Electromagnetic Spectrum.
How are x-rays
produced?
• When electrons are slowed or
stopped by the atoms of a target
area, x-rays are produced.
• This target area is inside the x-ray
tube.
• Once the electrons strike the
target area, an x-ray beam is
created.
Inside the x-ray tube
Definitions
• X-ray beam- composed of
bundles of energy that travel in
waveform.
• Quanta- these bundles of
energy, may also be called
photons.
• Photons consist of pure energy
and are “carried” by the wave.
Physical Properties of
X-ray Electromagnetic
Radiation
• What have we learned so far?
• 1. Wavelength is a variable.
• 2. X-ray electromagnetic radiation
travels in a straight line. Direction can
be altered but will continue in a straight
line.
• 3. X-rays have short wavelengths- so
therefore penetrate objects. Can be
absorbed by object but depends on the
physical density of that object (the
atomic #).
Properties continued…
• And more that we know..
• 4. Fluorescence-property that can emit
visible light- some substances fluoresce
after absorbing electromagnetic
radiation of shorter wavelength (glow in
the dark).
• Question: What is a form of
electromagnetic radiation of short
wavelength??
More Properties
• 5. X-rays produce an invisible
image on photographic film that
can be viewed when film is
processed (this is why you can’t
see the image before
processing).
And more properties
• 6. X-rays can excite or ionize the
atoms and molecules of the
substances including gases through
which they pass.
• Excitation- when an electron is moved to
higher energy level within the atom
• Ionization-when outer electron is
removed and leaves atom with a positive
charge.
• Question: Which process takes more
energy?
And still more properties
• 7. X-rays can affect living
tissue.
• Why do we wear protective
equipment?
• Can cause chemical damage or
changes within or near cells.
How are x-rays
generated?
• When electrons collide with
matter.
• On our modern x-ray machines
we have something called the xray tube.
• X-ray tube consists of:
• Cathode-negatively charged
electrode.
• Anode-positively charged electrode.
Now time for the magic
• Electrons have a negative charge
and are at cathode end of tube.
• Anode has positive charge so
electrons want to travel to anode
(opposite attract).
• When electrons (negative charge)
collide with anode’s positively
charged target, x-rays and heat are
produced.
Collisions everywhere
• When this collision and magical
event of x-ray formation occurs,
do you think more heat or x-rays
are produced?
answer
• Only 1 % of collision is x-rays,
while other 99% is heat.
Brief History of x-rays
• 1890- Professor in Philadelphia
discovered x-rays but did not
feel that they were important.
• 1895- Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
discovered x-rays and realized
their medical importance. He
mistakenly discovered while
working on cathode rays.
Let’s Review
• Questions??????