Transcript Chapter 7 Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

CHAPTER 7 BALANCING
NATIONALISM AND
SECTIONALISM
I. REGIONAL ECONOMIES

A. Another Revolution
Affects America
Mass production: goods
made in large quantities
 Led to the Industrial
Revolution


1. Great Britain Starts a
Revolution


Very guarded about their
industry
2. The Industrial
Revolution in America

Embargo Act of 1807 and
the War of 1812 made
Americans try to produce
their own goods
A. ANOTHER REVOLUTION CONT.

3. New England
Industrializes
 Used rivers for power
 Used southern cotton for
textiles
 Govt. encouraged growth
with capitalism and free
enterprise
 Samuel Slater memorized
plans
 Set up factory in Rhode
Island
 1814 Francis Cabot Lowell
put all stages of textiles in
one building
 Factory System
B. TWO ECONOMIC SYSTEMS DEVELOP

1. Agriculture in the North

Raised one or two crops to
sustain the family

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
Like corn and cattle
2. Cotton is King in the South
 Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney,
1793 patent
 Could clean cotton 50 times
faster
 Plantations began to grow
in number
3. Slavery Becomes
Entrenched
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Slavery booms
1790 to 1820, production of cotton
grows 100 times bigger
1808, 250,000 slaves were
brought to America
 The same number as were
brought from 1619 to 1776
C. CLAY PROPOSES THE AMERICAN
SYSTEM

Proposed originally by Madison in
1815
Develop transportation and internal
improvements
 Establish a protective tariff
 Resurrect the national bank
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Thought it would unite the nation
1. Erie Canal and Other Internal
Improvements
 Toll roads (turnpikes)
 Corduroy roads
 1818, the National Road opened
after 12 years of delays

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Erie Canal

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Extended to Illinois in 1838
363 miles w/ locks
Opened on Oct. 26, 1825
Did not allow steamboats at first
Canal building boom
 By 1850, 3,600 miles of canals
C. THE AMERICAN SYSTEM CONT.

2. Tariffs and the National Bank

British goods were much cheaper than
American ones

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Madison proposed the Tariff of 1816
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Tariffs encouraged people to buy American
Would help pay for internal improvements
Southerners and Westerners opposed it
 Clay and Calhoun helped pass it
2nd Bank of the U.S. was chartered in
1816
1816, James Monroe was elected
President

Ushered in the Era of Good Feelings

No political divisions, extreme
patriotism, and economic growth
Toured the nation to warmwelcomes
Won every electoral vote but one in

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II. Nationalism at Center Stage

A. The Supreme Court Boosts
National Power
Chief Justice John Marshall
 Gibbons v. Ogden ruled that
Congress had power over interstate
commerce


1. Strengthening Govt. Economic
Control

McCulloch v. Maryland

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
National govt. was supported over state
govts.
Maryland tried to tax the Bank of U.S.
2. Limiting State Powers

Marshall did this several times
B. Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy


John Quincy Adams guided
American Foreign Policy
1. Territory and Boundaries
1817 Rush-Bagot Treaty
disarmed the Great Lakes
 Convention of 1818 disarmed the
49th parallel as the Canada-U.S.
border
 Americans can settle Oregon
 1818 Andrew Jackson invaded
Spanish East FLA and took forts
to stop Seminole raids
 Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
 U.S. got FLA for $5 million and

gave up claims to Texas
 Agreed on a border to the Pacific
 U.S. a transcontinental power
now
B. Nationalism cont.

2. The Monroe Doctrine

1810 Miguel Hidalgo started the
Mexican Revolution

Won independence in 1821
Simon Bolivar and Jose de San
Martin led many nations to
freedom
 Brazil gained independence in
1822
 European nations threatened the
new nations


1823, Western hemisphere is closed to
further colonization

It is America’s sphere of influence
C. America Pushes West

1. Expansion in the West
 New states being added
 Communities along
major waterways
 People often settled as
communities
 Backwards lifestyles
often
 Few modern
conveniences
C. American Pushes West cont.
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
2. The Missouri
Compromise
1820 Missouri wants to
join the Union
A slave state
 Would upset the balance
of power
 Maine applied too

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Compromise
MO: Slave
 ME: Free
 Slavery banned north of
the 36°30’ N parallel

III. The Age of Jackson
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A. Expanding Democracy

1. Tension Between Adams and Jackson
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The Election of 1824
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Four republican candidates
William Crawford
Andrew Jackson
Henry Clay
John Quincy Adams
 All favorite sons of their states
Striking a Bargain

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Jackson won the popular vote
No majority in the electoral college
Election went to the House
Henry Clay influenced voters to pick
Adams

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He became Sec. of State
“Corrupt Bargain”
A. Expanding Democracy cont.

The Adams Presidency
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2. Democracy and Citizenship

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Never escaped the “corrupt bargain”
Policies ran against public opinion,
stronger fed. Govt.
Voting requirements were eased
Three times as many people voted as
the last election
The Election of 1828

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Jackson supporters formed the
Democratic-Rep. or the Democrats
Adams: Natl. Republicans
Mudslinging, slogans, rallies, and
buttons introduced to campaigning
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Attacks on Adams’ character and Jackson’s
wife
Jackson Triumphs
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
John C. Calhoun VP
Landslide victory
B. Jackson’s New Presidential Style

1. Jackson’s Appeal to the Common
Citizen

Big inauguration party

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20,000 ruffians, bathtubs of OJ and whiskey,
and Jackson escaping through a window
“Old Hickory”

Lived the Am. Dream
 Orphaned at age of 14, veteran of Am. Rev.
 Killed a man in a duel over a slur against his
wife, fought in 13 duels
 Survived the 1st assassination attempt
 Pet Parrot swore, a lot, had to be removed
from his funeral
 Last public party featured a 1400 lb wheel of
cheese


Ate in 2 hours
“Equal protection and equal benefits”
B. Jackson’s New Presidential Style
cont.

2. Spoils System

Put people who helped him
into govt. jobs

To the victor goes the spoils
Fired about 10% of federal
employees and replaced
them with allies
 His friends were his main
advisors

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His “kitchen cabinet”
C. Removal of Native Americans
Southeast, “Five
Civilized Tribes”
 Cherokee, Creek,
Seminole, Chickasaw,
and Choctaw
 Whites wanted to
remove them west of
the Mississippi
 Jackson supported this

 1.
Indian Removal
Act

Passed in 1830, gave
payments for Native to
move to Okla.
C. Removal of Native Americans cont.

2. The Cherokee

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
Sued the state govt. and won in
the Supreme Court
Jackson vowed to ignore the
ruling
3. The Trail of Tears
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1835, the Cherokee gave in,
signed a treaty
17,000 refused to honor
1838 Gen. Winfield Scott with
7,000 troops forced them to leave
Marched in brutal weather west
 Thousands died
C. Removal of Native Americans cont.

4. Native American Resistance

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1832, Chief Black Hawk led the Sauk
and Fox to retake Illinois
State militia ended it
The Seminole Wars
 Osceola led them
 1835, joined forces with African
Americans
 Used guerilla tactics
 Dade Massacre killed almost 100
men
By 1842, 1,500 Americans killed in
the Seminole wars
Seminoles were allowed to stay

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The only tribe to win
Gave up 100 million acres for $68
million and 32 million acres
Force to live in Okla., adapt to plains
group’s way of life
IV. States’ Rights and the National Bank

A. A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights
Issue

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1. The Nullification Theory

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1828, Congress passed a high tariff
The Tariff of Abominations
VP Calhoun argued states could
nullify it
Some wanted secession
Nullification had the potential to
destroy the union
2. Jackson Takes a Stand


No one was sure of his views
1830, at a state’s rights dinner


Jackson, “Our federal union… must be
preserved
Calhoun doesn’t run for the VP again
and returns to the Senate
A. Tariffs and States’ Rights cont.

3. South Carolina Rebels
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1832, Congress passed a lower
tariff
Protests still raging
S.C. passed the Nullification Act
Threatened to secede
Jackson helped Clay pass a
compromise
1833 Force Bill, President could
send troops to enforce federal laws
S.C. nullified it

They claimed a victory because the
tariff was altered
B. Jackson Attacks the National Bank

1. Jackson Opposes the Bank


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New Charter in 1832 by Clay and
Webster

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Nicholas Biddle, bank pres. wanted
to recharter the bank early
If Jackson vetoed, it would hurt
reelection
If not, Bank continues
Jackson vetoed it
2. The Election of 1832


The people loved it and reelected him
easily
Jackson took all govt. money out, the
Bank closed

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
Put money in Pet Banks
Jackson never incurred a debt in
office
3. Whig Party forms

Clay, Adams, and Webster formed a
new party to counter Jackson
C. Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s
Legacy


Martin Van Buren elected over
the Whig party
1. Jackson’s Legacy

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Pet banks were corrupt and
failed
Two months after
inauguration, depression hit
the economy
Buren: Laissez-faire
 It would fix itself
 Est. the federal treasury
Criticism split the Democratic
Party
C. Van Buren cont.

2. Harrison and Tyler
1840, William Henry Harrison vs. Van
Buren
 “Tippecanoe and Tyler too”
 Log cabin campaign for Harrison
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
Harrison won and was inaugurated in 1841
Cold, rainy day: wore no coat, gave longest
inauguration speech
 Died a month later of pneumonia

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John Tyler didn’t follow the Whig party
Expelled from the party for stopping a new
Bank of U.S.
 Called “His Accidency”
 Whigs voted on sectional ties


Killed the party
CHAPTER 7 BALANCING
NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM
QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What factors led to the growth of the U.S. economy in the early 1800s?
(economic system, inventions, new manufacturing methods). How did
this affect the American’s lived and worked?
How did the cotton gin revive slavery in the South? How did it change
the way southerners farmed?
What did the Monroe Doctrine say? Could America effectively uphold
this doctrine in the early 1800s? Explain. Why is the doctrine still
important today?
How did the issue of tariffs almost split the country and send into
a civil war? Why was the issue of nullification so critical in keeping
the country together?
What did the U.S. government do to the “Five Civilized Tribes”?
How did the Cherokee try to resist and what eventually happened
to their people?
How did Jackson’s opposition to the Bank of the U.S. affect the
election of 1832? What did his opponents hope to do by making
Jackson veto the charter and what actually happened?