Transcript Avoiding Plagiarism and Documenting Sources

Avoiding Plagiarism, Using
Sources Effectively, and
Documenting Sources
I.
What is plagiarism?
II.
The Keys To Avoiding Plagiarism
III.
How to use sources in your writing
IV. How to document sources
What is Plagiarism?
“The passing off of someone else’s words
or thoughts as your own.”
Failure to answer the following questions
may lead to plagiarism:
1. Are these my ideas and words or are
they from a source?
2. How should I use other people’s ideas
and words appropriately?
3. How do I show where I found this info?
Deliberate Plagiarism
• Deliberate
• Unintentional – Examples include –
– copying something word for word and not putting quotations
around it
– failing to give a citation for a quotation or a
summary/paraphrase
– Improper paraphrasing: Copying a passage and only changing a
few words or copying the sentence structure of a source.
The Keys to Avoiding Plagiarism
Four Main Keys
1. Write an essay that emphasises your thought
and analysis.
2. Put distance between you and your sources
through good note-taking
3. When you use sources, use them properly.
4. Cite your sources properly.
Create Distance by Taking Notes on
Sources
• Your goal is to write your outline and draft
from your notes. This puts distance between
you and your sources and helps you to notice
similarities and contradictions between
sources.
• This will emphasize analysis rather than
regurgitation.
• It will help you to avoid plagiarism
When You Use Sources, Use
Them Properly
Ways to Use Primary and Secondary Sources as
Evidence
• Quotations – using the actual words from a source. Use “quotation marks”
to designate quotes.
• Summary – a concise discussion of the main points or ideas from a source;
in general, it includes little detail.
– Example: Despite changes in legislation, Colchester argues that
indigenous peoples have little participation in conservation efforts
(Colchester, 24).
• Paraphrase – restating detailed information or evidence in your own
words.
– Example: For thirty years, international conservation agencies like the
World Conservation Union and World Parks Congress have made
recommendations to governments about the use of protected lands
(Colchester, 28).
Let’s Try It!
• To paraphrase correctly, you must take a passage and
write it in your own words. This means that you need to
change the sentence structure and most of the actual
words (general vocabulary and proper nouns (names and
dates) are fine!)
“Between about 1895 and 1915, in
countless Canadian and American
borderland towns and cities where
social and cultural resources were
scant, hockey, so often seen as
‘Canada’s game’ was shared by
Canadians and Americans, both as
spectators and players. It became in
these years one of many ‘hands across
the borders’ in an era of intensifying
nationalism in both countries”
(Holeman, 2004, p. 34).
Example of Poor Paraphrasing
Original Source:
Economies of scale sent farmers away from local, independent
suppliers to better deals in regional supply centres. Larger
livestock barns led to demands that municipalities and provincial
regulators set standards for the increasing volumes of livestock
manure being produced on small acreages.
Improper Paraphrase
Economies of scale sent farmers away from local small businesses to
save money in regional supply stores. Larger livestock barns led to
demands that governments make laws about the increasing
volumes of livestock manure found on small farms.
The Keys to Good Paraphrasing
• You must put the source into your own words and sentence
structure. Cover the original, re-write it in your words, and
cite the source of your paraphrase.
• Reference your source properly in the text. Include the
source in your list of sources at the end of your essay.
• Test your summary or paraphrase. Underline all of the words
that you have included in your summary or paraphrase that
are identical to the original source. Is your wording or
sentence structure too similar? Do you include more than
three words in a row that are identical to the source?
Proper Paraphrase
In his book, Palwick focuses on mass production as a primary
cause of rural economic hardship. Increasingly, farmers
tried to economize by buying goods from large, centralized
suppliers rather than local businesses. Using the example of
increases in livestock manure, Palwick shows that as farms
themselves increased in size, so too did the need for laws
to regulate them, laws which were often too expensive for
small farmers to comply with.
Notice
Not only did I change the words, I attempted to
convey more than exactly what those words
said; I attempted to convey the author’s
overall argument.
When You Paraphrase…
How Did You Do?
Want to talk to someone about your
paraphrase? Bring it into the ASC
Document Your Sources Properly
Proper Referencing is important
because…
• It indicates the quality of your research
• It demonstrates your care and attention to
detail
• It minimizes potential risk of plagiarism
Citation
• Have you baked cookies from a recipe?
• Put together a bike or Ikea furniture?
• Installed computer software?
• IF SO, YOU CAN DO CITATION.
• Simply find the rules and follow them!
Think of it this way…
• If you want to write to
[email protected]
• And you leave a period out or add an extra
letter, it will not work.
• YOU HAVE THIS SKILL
• Use this attention to detail when you find and
follow citation rules
The basics
• Information for books: author, title of book, place of
publication, press, date of publication (also chapter title,
edition number, editors)
• Information for journals: author, title of article, title of
journal, volume and issue number, page range
• Online resource? If the resource is only available online
(not in print), use the above information plus name of host
site, full web address, date of retrieval, Digital Object
Identifier
For the Details
Check out our new online Documentation
Guide.
www.trentu.ca/academicskills/documentation
I. Social Sciences: American Psychological Association (APA)
IN TEXT CITATIONS:
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Paraphrasing and Summarizing:
Parreñas (2001) examines the power structures of gender, race, and class . . .
•
In their 2005 article, Ramilo, Hafkin, and Jorge demonstrate the impact of . . .
•
Because spousal abuse is often constructed within the framework of heterosexual
relationships, stereotypes about gender carry over into abusive lesbian relationships
(Weinbaum, 2004).
When paraphrasing specific examples, points or data, include a page reference.
•
Smith argues that because divorce rates are near 38%, there is grounds to challenge the
stability of the institution of marriage (2006, p.10)
APA In-text citations
• Direct Quotation – you must include a page number
•
Moderated by class and assimilative policies, marriage between Aboriginal
men and non-Aboriginal women was “[f]ar from being a travesty against
society” (Ellinghaus, 2002, p. 69).
•
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has great potential, as
indicated by a report from the UN Division for the Advancement of Women:
If . . . the gender dimensions of ICT — in terms of access and
use,
capacity-building opportunities, employment and potential for
empowerment — are explicitly identified and addressed, ICT can be a
powerful catalyst for political and social empowerment of women, and the
promotion of gender equality. (Ramilo, Hafkin, & Jorge, 2005, p. 3)
Format of the APA References Page
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The references list should be on its own page(s). The title, References, is centred at the
top of the list.
The entire list is double-spaced and alphabetized by authors' last names.
APA Style uses a hanging indent. The first line of each reference is set flush left.
Subsequent lines are indented five to seven spaces.
In titles of articles and books, capitalize only the first word, the first word after a colon,
and proper nouns.
Names are inverted (last name first). Never use the full first name of an author or
editor. Use only initials.
List up to seven authors or editors. When there are more, follow this list with et al.
When there are multiple works by one author, list them by publication date (earliest
one first).
Include a digital object identifier (DOI) where available. A DOI is an alphanumeric
identifier that insures there is a persistent link to information on the Internet. It is
located on the first page of an electronic journal article near the copyright notice. It is
also on the article's database landing page.
APA References Page
References
Journal Article (Accsessed Online):
Herbst-Damm, K.L. & Julik, J.A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill
patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225a
- ORSillick, T.J. & Schutte, N.S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early
parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
Book:
Parreñas, R. S. (2001). Servants of globalization: Women, migration and domestic work. Stanford: Stanford
University Press.
Online Source:
Ramilo, C., Hafkin, N., & Jorge, S. (2005). Women 2000 and beyond. Retrieved from
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/w2000-09.05-ict-e.pdf
Article/Chapter in An Edited Collection:
Weinbaum, B. (2004). Exploring discursive constructions of lesbian abuse: Looking inside and out. In C.L.
Winkelmann & C. Shearer-Cremean (Eds.), Survivor rhetoric : negotiations and narrativity in abused
women's language (pp. 94-119). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
(c) 2011 Academic Skills Centre
27
II. Humanities: Modern Languages Association
(MLA)
• Use In-Text Citations that give author’s last name and a page number.
• You must always include a page number for MLA.
EX: Venus and Adonis are a “cosmological allegory” (Ellrodt 78).
• If the author’s name is already mentioned in the text, only the page
number is required in the parenthetical citation.
EX: Miller concedes, in The Poem’s Two Bodies, that “human beings
are…living organisms, whose apprehensions of themselves and their
world is mediated by the body” (215).
Formatting the Works Cited Page
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The Works Cited list should be on its own page.
The title, Works Cited, or occasionally, Work Cited, is centred. The title does not have to put in
bold, italics, or underlined.
The entire list is double-spaced (or in 1.5, if that is what you are using throughout the essay).
Each entry is in a format called a "hanging-indent.“
Arrange the entries in alphabetical order by the author's last name. If the author is unknown,
alphabetize by the title, ignoring the articles, "A"," An", and "The".
If two or more works by the same author are to be listed, alphabetize the works by title, then give
the author's name in the first entry. For additional entries, type three unspaced hyphens and a
period instead of the author's name;
Publishers' names are shortened. Only the important, indentifying words are necessary.
MLA is now calling for the medium of publication to follow the publication information (print, web).
MLA Works Cited Page
Works Cited
Article (originally in print but you found it through an online database):
Ellinghaus, Katherine. “Margins of acceptability: Class, education, and interracial marriage in Australia
and North America.” Frontiers. 23:3 (2002) 55-75. Ebsco Host. Web. 03 March 2010.
Notice: Ebsco Host is the name of the online database. You do not need to include a URL.
Book:
Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar. Servants of globalization: women, migration and domestic work. Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. Print.
Online Document:
Ramilo, Chat, Nancy Hafkin, and Sonia Jorge. “Gender equality and empowerment of women through
ICT.” Women 2000 and beyond. New York: United Nations Division for the Advancement of
Women, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2005. Web. 3 March 2010.
Chapter/Article in an Edited Collection:
Weinbaum, Batya. “Exploring discursive constructions of lesbian abuse: looking inside and out.”
Survivor Rhetoric: Negotiations and Narrativity in Abused Women's Language. Eds. Carol L.
Winkelmann and Christine Shearer-Cremean. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. 94-119.
Print.
Chicago Style (Footnoting)
• Insert a superscript number at the end of the sentence with
the info. you are citing.
• This number corresponds to a footnote/endnote with
complete publication info. for the source.
• The first footnote contains complete information.
• Subsequent footnotes contain only the author’s last name,
short title, and page #.
• YOU MUST ALWAYS INCLUDE A PAGE NUMBER IN CHICAGO
STYLE.
Chicago Style/Footnotes
Paraphrasing, Summarizing, and Quoting
•
Parreñas examines the power structures of gender, race, and class inherent in the
unequal and illegal relationships between migrant domestic workers and their
employers.1 In 2005, Ramilo, Hafkin, and Jorge demonstrated the impact of ICT on the
empowerment of women.2 Because spousal abuse is often constructed within the
framework of heterosexual relationships, stereotypes about gender carry over into
abusive lesbian relationships.3
1
Rhacel Salazar Parreñas, Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration and Domestic Work (Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), 10.
2.
Chat Ramilo, Nancy Hafkin, and Sonia Jorge. “Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women through
ICT,” Women 2000 and Beyond, United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women, 2005,
<http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/w2000-09.05-ict-e.pdf>.
3.
Batya Weinbaum, “Exploring Discursive Constructions of Lesbian Abuse: Looking Inside and Out,” in
Survivor Rhetoric : Negotiations and Narrativity in Abused Women's Language, eds. Carol L.
Winkelmann and Christine Shearer-Cremean (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), 97.
Formatting the Bibliography
• The title “Bibliography” is centered and placed one inch
from the top of the page.
• Sources are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last
name.
• List multiple works by the same author in alphabetical
order by the title of the work.
• Each source is listed along with its full publication
information.
• Double-space all entries.
• Use a hanging indent so that the second line of a
bibliographic entry is indented.
Bibliography
Journal Article:
Ellinghaus, Katherine. “Margins of Acceptability: Class, Education, and Interracial Marriage in Australia
and North America.” Frontiers. 23, no.1 (2002): 55-75.
Book:
Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar. Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration and Domestic Work. Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.
Online Document:
Ramilo, Chat, Nancy Hafkin, and Sonia Jorge. “Gender equality and empowerment of women through
ICT.” Women 2000 and beyond. New York: United Nations Division for the Advancement of
Women, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2005.
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/w2000-09.05-ict-e.pdf.
Chapter/Article in an Edited Collection:
Weinbaum, Batya. “Exploring Discursive Constructions of Lesbian Abuse: Looking Inside and Out.” In
Survivor Rhetoric: Negotiations and Narrativity in Abused Women's Language. Edited by Carol L.
Winkelmann and Christine Shearer-Cremean, 94-119. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.
For the Details
Check out our new online Documentation
Guide.
www.trentu.ca/academicskills/documentation