Transcript ORAL PRESENTATIONS - Nicholls State University

ORAL PRESENTATIONS
FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL AUDIENCES
NNNL X68
Fall 2003
At the Course Download Site: <oralpres-f2003.ppt>
Disclaimer
• Some slides in this presentation show
deliberate violations of good style. Pay
close attention to which slide show and
which violations are demonstrated.
PURPOSE
• to convey results and conclusions deriving
from a study or other project to a listening
audience, allowing for both audience
understanding and inquiry
FORMAT
• Speech, often time-limited, with associated
visual display (“visuals,” “graphics”), often
projected
STYLE
• What do you think?
ULTRA-CONCISE
SPEECH
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Understandable
Logical
Informational
Educational
Typically concise
Well rehearsed
Not recited
& VISUALS
• Attractive
• Clean, logical
drawings
• Navigational
• Minimal texts
• Outlines of essential
points
• Not to be continuously
read by presenter
Visuals
• Typically slides (photo or electronic*),
overheads, or posters
*a.k.a. “presentation graphics” or “Power Point” slides
Visuals: General
• condense and distill information
– to words and phrases
– NO PUNCTUATION!
– avoid subordinate clauses, like this one
– sentences only in special cases (and punctuated)
– summary, conclusion
– Don’t cram information!
– think lists not texts
– 3-4 points per visual ( busy-ness)
• all listed points components of speech
• each visual titled and navigational
• learn to distrust defaults in slides software
– fill & center slide space ( defaults)
– make logical line breaks (defaults)
About Defaults I
Centering & Filling Slide Space
About Defaults I
Centering &
Filling Slide Space
ABOUT DEFAULTS I
• Fill slide space AMAP
• center text & figures LRTB
• but remember uniformity
PRESENTATION ORDER
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
T 28 NO
Barrileaux
Burlet
Chauvin
Duke
Graham
Gwin
Lafont
Legendre
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
H 30 NO
Lord
Matherne
Pennington
Perero
Richard Dan
Richard Daw
Self
Tabor
PRESENTATION ORDER
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
T 28 NO
Barrileaux
Burlet
Chauvin
Duke
Graham
Gwin
Lafont
Legendre
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
H 30 NO
Lord
Matherne
Pennington
Perero
Richard Dan
Richard Daw
Self
Tabor
Toups
PRESENTATION ORDER
T 28 NO
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Barrileaux
Burlet
Chauvin
Duke
Graham
Gwin
Lafont
Legendre
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
H 30 NO
Lord
Matherne
Pennington
Perero
Richard Dan
Richard Daw
Self
Tabor
Toups
About Defaults II
Make Logical Line
Breaks
The Effects of Sunlight on the
Activity of Melanocytes in
Human Skin
Dr. Sun-So Burn
Melanophysiological Institute of
Technology
The Effects of Sunlight
on the Activity of Melanocytes
in Human Skin
Dr. Sun-So Burn
Melanophysiological Institute of Technology
Slides/Presentation Graphics
•
•
•
•
•
Readable at arm’s length
2 x 3 format
lines  40 characters
fill space
center text
Slides/Presentation Graphics
•
•
•
•
•
Readable at arm’s length
2 x 3 format
lines  40 characters
fill space
center text
Slides/Presentation Graphics
•
•
•
•
•
Readable at arm’s length
2 x 3 format
lines  40 characters
fill space
center text
Transparencies
•
•
•
•
•
•
do not project sheets of manuscript or notes
do not project typewriter-written texts
use only top 7” of space
use  24 pt type
fine detail of diagrams sometimes lost
try colorizing
When developing visuals,
think...
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ultimate summarization of topic
words and phrases
bullet lists
unspoken questions
about “the story”
about the ending at the beginning
about the audience
– grab attention at first word!
• TPS (time per slide) rules of thumb:
– Long presentations, 2 min/slide avg (60 min = 30 slides)
– Short presentations, 1 min/slide avg (10 min = 10 slides)
Present (v) as the Great Ones do:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
rehearse
first words set tone
no apologies
don’t read text (except objectives, summary points, complete sentences, not necessarily title)
good relationship between speech and slides
Speak in sentences (unlike Paul Prudhomme)
rehearse
avoid reading notes; use bullets as cues
slow down (We all know you’re excited or anxious or both, but we need to understand!)
have an effective start
embed prompts
seed questions
rehearse
have an ending action
exhibit intellectual enthusiasm
avoid distracting mannerisms
explain all aspects of visuals
1-2 sophisticated, applicable icebreakers, no more
Whaddaya mean, “distracting mannerisms”?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
“uhh”
General nervousness
Making noises (clicking, tapping, smacking)
Not speaking into the microphone (when using one)
Talking too fast or not clearly
Talking to some other thing than the audience
Reading slides
Typographical errors
Moving the pointer too quickly or too erratically
Monotony
Anger or dismay for having to give an oral presentation
Not accepting responsibility for expertise
Not being able to answer questions
Answering questions other than those asked
Speaking longer than allotted time
Q & A Session
•
•
•
•
listen closely
repeat question aloud
pause and think
answer completely but
briefly
• “I don’t know.”
(But always know what you should!!)
• reply courteously
• maintain dignity
• don’t speak beyond time
limit! Practice!
You are the expert.
Be it.
The Good, the Bad,
and the Ugly:
A Brief Gallery of Slides
Human Genome Project
Begun in 1990, the U.S. Human Genome Project is a 13-year effort coordinated by the
U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. The project originally
was planned to last 15 years, but effective resource and technological advances have
accelerated the expected completion date to 2003. Project goals are to
■ identify all the approximate 30,000 genes in human DNA,
■ determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human
DNA,
■ store this information in databases,
■ improve tools for data analysis,
■ transfer related technologies to the private sector, and
■ address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.
Recent Milestones:
■ June 2000 completion of a working draft of the entire human genome
■ February 2001 analyses of the working draft are published
Human Genome Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Genomics and Its Impact on Medicine and Society: A 2001 Primer, 2001
What does the draft human
genome sequence tell us?
By the Numbers
• The human genome contains 3164.7 million chemical nucleotide bases (A, C, T,
and G).
• The average gene consists of 3000 bases, but sizes vary greatly, with the
largest known human gene being dystrophin at 2.4 million bases.
• The total number of genes is estimated at 30,000 to 35,000 much lower than
previous estimates of 80,000 to 140,000 that had been based on extrapolations
from gene-rich areas as opposed to a composite of gene-rich and gene-poor
areas.
• Almost all (99.9%) nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people.
• The functions are unknown for over 50% of discovered genes.
Human Genome Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Genomics and Its Impact on Medicine and Society: A 2001 Primer, 2001
What does the draft human
genome sequence tell us?
How It's Arranged
• The human genome's gene-dense "urban centers" are predominantly composed of
the DNA building blocks G and C.
• In contrast, the gene-poor "deserts" are rich in the DNA building blocks A and T.
GC- and AT-rich regions usually can be seen through a microscope as light and dark
bands on chromosomes.
• Genes appear to be concentrated in random areas along the genome, with vast
expanses of noncoding DNA between.
• Stretches of up to 30,000 C and G bases repeating over and over often occur
adjacent to gene-rich areas, forming a barrier between the genes and the "junk
DNA." These CpG islands are believed to help regulate gene activity.
• Chromosome 1 has the most genes (2968), and the Y chromosome has the fewest
(231).
Human Genome Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Genomics and Its Impact on Medicine and Society: A 2001 Primer, 2001
What does the draft human
genome sequence tell us?
The Wheat from the Chaff
• Less than 2% of the genome codes for proteins.
• Repeated sequences that do not code for proteins ("junk DNA") make up at least
50% of the human genome.
• Repetitive sequences are thought to have no direct functions, but they shed light
on chromosome structure and dynamics. Over time, these repeats reshape the
genome by rearranging it, creating entirely new genes, and modifying and
reshuffling existing genes.
• During the past 50 million years, a dramatic decrease seems to have occurred in
the rate of accumulation of repeats in the human genome.
Human Genome Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Genomics and Its Impact on Medicine and Society: A 2001 Primer, 2001
What does the draft human
genome sequence tell us?
How the Human Compares with Other Organisms
• Unlike the human's seemingly random distribution of gene-rich areas, many other
organisms' genomes are more uniform, with genes evenly spaced throughout.
• Humans have on average three times as many kinds of proteins as the fly or worm
because of mRNA transcript "alternative splicing" and chemical modifications to the
proteins. This process can yield different protein products from the same gene.
• Humans share most of the same protein families with worms, flies, and plants, but the
number of gene family members has expanded in humans, especially in proteins
involved in development and immunity.
• The human genome has a much greater portion (50%) of repeat sequences than the
mustard weed (11%), the worm (7%), and the fly (3%).
• Although humans appear to have stopped accumulating repeated DNA over 50 million
years ago, there seems to be no such decline in rodents. This may account for some of
the fundamental differences between hominids and rodents, although gene estimates
are similar in these species. Scientists have proposed many theories to explain
evolutionary contrasts between humans and other organisms, including those of life
span, litter sizes, inbreeding, and genetic drift.
Human Genome Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Genomics and Its Impact on Medicine and Society: A 2001 Primer, 2001
What the HGP Tells Us
•
•
•
•
!! Only 35,000 genes
most genes in euchromatin
GC/AT patchiness
!! Gene density higher & intron
size smaller in GC-rich patches
• !! 1.4% translated, 28%
transcribed
• !! Origins of genes
mito
Protein
Domains
Protein
Domains
A Word About Graphics
and Copyright
• Cite all graphics imported
(unless your own)
• In general, “clip art” is free to
import (unless otherwise
specified)
• Never use other’s texts
(unless, like HGP, available
for general use).
© JDoucet, 1998
Good Slides from a 20-min Presentation
The Good, the Bad,
and the Ugly:
Your Upcoming Experience
with Oral Presentations,
Your New Assignment,
and Its Deadline
ASSIGNMENT
• Design a 7-8 minute oral presentation with Power Point slides
on the topic of your literature review or your graduate thesis.
• Use principles for good presentations learned today and in your
follow-up studies. Graphics encouraged.
• Include title slide and summary/conclusion slide.
• Deliver presentation to class on 18, 20, or 25 November.
Schedule of speakers and location of presentations can be found
on the course download site as <oralpresnews.doc>.
• Be able to answer audience questions following presentation.
• Presentation graphics must be delivered by you to class on
appropriate media. See <oralpresnews.doc> for drives
available.
• Submit printed copy of slides (b&w is fine) to instructors at
beginning of class on 18 November.
Criteria for Grading
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overall Informativeness10%
Clarity and Effectiveness of Speech20%
Clarity and Effectiveness of Slides20%
Attention to Proper Style20%
Absence of Distracting Mannerisms 10%
Ability to answer questions20%