Transcript Slide 1

The Vespucci 2020 Vision for Digital
Earth: Social and Institutional Issues
What is Paradise?
“Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita
mi ritrovai per una selva oscura
ché la diritta via era smarrita.
Ahi quanto a dir qual era è cosa dura
esta selva selvaggia e aspra e forte
che nel pensier rinova la paura!
Tant'è amara che poco è più morte;
ma per trattar del ben ch'i' vi trovai,
dirò de l'altre cose ch'i' v'ho scorte.”
Virtual Globe = (def) digital collection of data
and services contextualized within a global
(spatial?) view of a world
Virtual Collaborative Globe = virtual globe that
allows collaborative participation
Today´s virtual globes
Virtual Globes
OpenStreetMap
Wikimapia
Today´s Virtual Globe limitations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
No current state of the earth (time is
missing and data comes from diverse
sources)
No exploration inside the building
Data is not generally accessible
No indication of data provenance
No interaction between people (including
sharing of data)
No indication of trust and quality
GIScience provides crucial links
between nature and society
Nature: Physical equations
Describe processes
Society: Decisions on how to
Use Earth´s resources
The 2020 Vision for Digital Earth:
Social and Institutional Issues
1.
Maximize open access and participative infrastructures
2.
Produce information to address digital divides
3.
Enable multiple connected globes/infrastructures
4.
Deliver data, services and models tailored to
communities of practice.
5.
Emphasize societal benefit areas (e.g., ecosystems,
health)
6.
Be based on environmental-friendly technologies
7.
Use Digital Earth as a laboratory for multi-disciplinary
science
Open access and participative
infrastructures
Ideal: spatial data available as open access and
shared between communities
Practice: Need to overcome institutional barriers
Open access and
participative infrastructures
What did we learn from our fathers?
A penny saved is a penny earned
Open access and
participative infrastructures
LANDSAT data archive (USGS)
The Anti-Uncle Scrooge
Principle
A pixel unused is a penny wasted
Open access and
participative infrastructures
The cost of data distribution in the Web is zero
Uncle Scrooge and the Web: value comes from use!
What is a public good?
Non-rival
...[goods] which all enjoy in common in the sense that
each individual's consumption of such a good leads
to no subtractions from any other individual's
consumption of that good... (Samuelson)
Non-excludable
it is impossible to exclude any individuals from
consuming the good
Almost all spatial data are public goods
Open access and
participative infrastructures
STRM 90 x 90 m
ASTER-DEM 30 x 30 m
“Scientists have models for estimating the amount of
carbon released into the atmosphere when a given plot of
land is razed. This information can now be extracted fairly
accurately from satellite images.
Access to information will be critical. A few satellites can
cover the entire globe, but there needs to be a system in
place to ensure their images are readily available to
everyone who needs them. Brazil has set an important
precedent by making its Earth-observation data available,
and the rest of the world should follow suit.”
Open access and participative
infrastructures: some predictions for 2020
Global satellite data in 5 meter+ will be open
Geodemographics analysis widely available
Official spatial data will be mostly open
Citizens and global forces are drivers of change
Information to address digital divides
Ideal: communities know
what affects them, promote
positive changes and react
to negative prospects
Practice: communities have
limited knowledge about their
territory and its potential
futures
Information to address digital divides
The goal of development is the promotion and
expansion of valuable capabilities. Capability is the
freedom to achieve valuable beings and doings.
(Amartya Sen)
Impacts of global environmental change
By 2020 in Africa, agriculture yields could be cut by up to 50%
sources: IPCC and WMO
Information to address digital divides
How to promote and expand
valuable capabilities in Digital
Earth?
Practice: Open source and open
access promote capacity building
Caveat: OS and OA are not substitutes
for sound research
Enable multiple connected globes
The Earth is a system of systems
Enable multiple connected globes
Institutional portals
(e.g., GEOportal)
Contribution-based
portals (e.g., Google)
11,000 land stations (3000 automated)
900 radiosondes, 3000 aircraft
6000 ships, 1300 buoys
5 polar, 6 geostationary satellites
Weather and climate
source: WMO
Emphasize societal benefit areas (e.g.,
ecosystems, health)
Emphasize societal benefit areas
High Risk of Re-emergence of Infectious Diseases
Some in connection with El Niño/La Niña events
Choléra
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•
•
World Population at risk: 2 to 3 billions
Dengu
Human Mortality per yr: 3.5 to 4.5 millions
e
with ½ under 5 yrs (~ 5 millions due to AIDS)
Meningitus
Animal
Mortality per yr: 10 to 15 millions
World Population at risk: 2 to 3 billions
Human Mortality per yr: 3.5 to 4.5 millions
with ½ under 5 yrs (~ 5 millions due to AIDS)
Animal Mortality per yr: 10 to 15 millions
Data, services and models tailored to
communities of practice
Data, services and models tailored to
communities of practice
Network of sensors that observe, record and
disseminate geographically referenced
information
ARGOS Data Collection System (16000 plats)
650,000 messages
processed daily
Data collection
services
Tracking
Monitoring
Positions collected over a fixed
period of time
Data from remote stations,
fixed or mobile
Argo bouy network
Data, services and models tailored to
communities of practice
Athmosphere, ocean, chemistry climate
model (resolution 200 x 200 km)
Atmosphere only climate model
(resolution 50 x 50 km)
Regional climate model
Resolution e.g 10 x 10 km
Hydrology, Vegetation
Soil Topography (e.g, 1 x 1 km)
Regional land use change
Socio-economic changes
Adaptative responses (e.g., 10 x 10 m)
Models: From Global to Local
Greening of technology
Digital Earth as a laboratory for multidisciplinary science
Improve
existing models
Create new
models
Increase model
interoperability
Model
Web
Digital Earth as a laboratory for multidisciplinary science
“Google Earth will
not be the next
ArcGIS” (Ed
Parsons)
Will the new generation
of GIS be more like
Google Earth?
Open Globe
(def) collection of trusted spatial data and
services, available operationally and
reliably on a open access policy
Open Globes
Virtual Globes
OpenStreetMap
Wikimapia
Open Globes
Virtual Globes
Data + services
(can only be provided reliably by organizations
that are trusted)
?
visibility,
communication,
acessibility
Scientists as policy-makers
(peer-reviewed results)
Citizens as sensors
(perception, individual actions)
Shall we perish in the hell of discord?
Siena Cathedral (pulpito de Luca Pisano)
Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate!
Or shall we be saved by our actions?
Siena Cathedral (pulpito de Luca Pisano
O buono Appollo, a l'ultimo lavoro
fammi del tuo valor sì fatto vaso,
come dimandi a dar l'amato alloro