Transcript Lapsia valtiolle! Japanin demografisen muutoksen

KANS111
The World of Civil Societies
Ag Alfa ke 26.11.2008 12:00-14:00
Children for the Nation!
Japanese Debate on the Aging of Society
Pekka Korhonen
The concept of civil society 。。。
市民社会 shimin shakai
Bürgerliche Gesellschaft
Civil
Non military
Non state
Civilized: ideas and networks between the
family, state and the market ≈ Third sector
Immanuel Kant: Mitbestimmung
… the world population is in the
midst of an unprecedented
transformation brought about by the
transition from a regime of high
mortality and high fertility to one of
low mortality and low fertility.
United Nations 2006, World Population
Prospects: The 2006 Revision.
1947
1960
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
4.54
2.00
2.13
1.91
1.75
1.76
1.54
1.42
1.36
1.26
Source: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2008)
Table 1 Japanese
fertility rate in
selected years
Theoretical renewal
rate of population
2.08
石由危機
平成不況
Northeast Asia
China
1.70
Hong Kong SAR
0.94
Macao SAR
0.84
Japan
1.29
ROK
1.24
Table 3
Fertility rates
in chosen
countries
2000-2005;
World 2.65
ASEAN
Kampuchea
Laos
Philippines
Malaysia
Brunei Darussalam
Indonesia
Viet Nam
Burma/Myammar
Thailand
Singapore
3.64
3.59
3.54
2.87
2.50
2.38
2.32
2.25
1.83
1.35
Source for all
these tables:
United Nations
World Population
Prospects, The
2006 Revision
Highlights, Table
A.15
Southern Europe
Portugal
1.45
Italia
1.29
España
1.29
Greece
1.28
Post-Socialist Europe
Russian Federation
1.30
Bulgaria
1.26
Belarus
1.24
Czech Republic
1.18
Western Europe
Germany
1.35
Österreich
1.38
Schweiz
1.42
France
1.88
UK
1.70
Northern Europe
Sweden
1.67
Finland
1.75
Danmark
1.76
Norge
1.80
Island
1.99
USA
2.04
Canada
1.52
Australia
New Zealand
1.76
1.96
落合恵美子 Ochiai Emiko
(1994) 21世紀家族へ
(1997) The Japanese Family
System in Transition
(2008) (ed.) Asia’s New
Mothers
Schoppa, Leonard J. (2006) Race
for the Exits. The Unraveling of
Japan’s System of Social
Protection
Japanese production structure
during the high growth years
経済システム保護 Economic protection
終身雇用 Life-time employment
年功序列 Seniority principle
現代家族 Modern/nuclear family
主婦 Housewife
Productivity + security guaranteed
Life courses of a Japanese woman
1. Housewife + dependence on husband
2. No children, both spouses working
3. Single, working
Security problems of a professional
housewife
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sufficiency of husband’s salary
Reliability of husband’s salary
Divorce
Rusting of vocational proficiency
→ Action strategy has been mainly Exit
2. No children, both spouses working
3. Single, working
Care of old age
• 1990s
• Urbanization, working women, small
apartments
• Exit was not an option (suicide only), thus
Voice was the only viable strategy
• 介護保険 2000 Long-term care insurance
• First big reform of social security laws
since the 1960s, when labour insurance
laws were enacted.
Child care legislation
• 1992 maternity allowance in limited cases
• 2006 general maternity allowance; 1st
child ¥ 5,000 (€40); 2nd ¥ 5,000, 3rd or
more ¥ 10,000 per month
• Company schemes; トヨタ自動車株式会社:
labour force 男 60 000, 女 4600,
administrative professionals 女 150.
Public debate as disciplinary action
• Maintained generally as an underpolitical
issue, not raised within political discussion
as a structural and rational problem
→ problem of personal morality
1997-8
Japanese health and social ministry +
university committees; argument:
After women have been guaranteed basic
social services, as well as positive moral
support of the state, employers and
husbands, only then do they have the
necessary economic and psychological
security to make children, while they also
can continue working, like most of them
wish.
Yamada Masahiro（１９９９）
パラサイト・シングルの時代
They enjoy abundant love from their parents
[…] and simultaneously eat better food than
their parents, wear expensive clothing, and
travel abroad […] Parasite singles place
themselves at the best positions of child and
adult. They enjoy the security belonging to
children, while they also enjoy the freedom
of adults.
• George Lakoff: moral arguments within
concepts;
三浦展（２００６）下流社会
What is missing from the youth of the
bottom current? It is will. They do not
have the will to rise to the middle
current, or if they are sinking down
from there, their will is not strong
enough to correct the situation…
As a matter of fact they are the same precariat
as all over the world
Sakai Junko
(2003) 負け
犬の遠吠え
Makeinu no
Tōboe
You can crush a 30+ year old
woman, however intelligent,
successful, professional,
wealthy, or beautiful she ever is,
simply by saying to her: 『as a
woman, you are not happy』。
Getting married and giving birth to
babies is the main duty of women [and
a national obligation]. Although it would
look as if anything was accepted in the
modern Japanese society, unmarried
women still feel themselves guilty. The
life of a Loser Dog is like the life of a
criminal. We continuously have to
justify ourselves.
Ishihara Shintaro（1932年生）２００１
• ”I would not say like this, Iwai Toshio has
said so … but when a woman no more can
give birth to children, she turns into a
frivolous being. And if she happened to live
at the age of 100, she would cause a lot of
damage to the earth, using its resources. A
man can make babies even if he is very old”
• ”Well yes, I thought, but because I am a
politician, I of course cannot say such a
thing publicly.” （笑い）。
Yanagisawa Hakuo, Health and Social
Minister （1931年生） 27.1.2007
• The amount of child-making
machines called women is limited.
They all simply have to be
obligated to give birth to more
children.
• Cheap for state finances, but irrelevant in
terms of results.
When I was 35 years old, I
noticed what all Loser Dogs
around me had in common.
They watched kabuki, and were
engaged also in other traditional
arts. They used their time and
money to rear Japanese culture,
instead of rearing children.