CLEAN AND GREEN FUELS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Narsimha Reddy Kandadi Department of Chemical Engineering Monash University

OUTLINE

• • • • • • • • • •

General issues related to sustainable energy Environmental and pollution problems with current transportation fuels Reformulation of transportation fuels Clean fuel production GTL Fuels and their advantageous characteristics Alternative Gaseous and liquid fuels Synthesis gas/natural gas refinery Fuel issues for fuel cells Issues related to Hydrogen Storage Conclusions

THE DRIVERS TO ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY

Solutions Problems/Concerns Drivers

Exhaustion of fossil fuels Local and regional environmental quality.

Global warming Security of supply Safety Equity Increasing costs

Energy eficiency Search for alternatives

Removal of subsidies Inclusion of “externalities”in the cost of energy

Cleaner fossil fuels, filters, catalizers.

Desire to improve quality of air and water

Need to avoid climate change Need to guarantee low prices and abundant supply

Reduced use of fossil fuels switch to renewables

CO 2 capture.

Reliance on indigenous energy resources switch to renewables or nuclear Avoidance major disasters Avoidance of social unrest &humanitarian concerns Develop intrinsically safe reactors. Storage of spent nuclear fuel Policies that stimulate supplying energy services to the poor

VEHICULAR POLLUTION

Pollution from Automotive Vehicles are responsible for

   

~One-third of all AIR POLLUTION ~50% of SMOG forming VOCs & NO x >50% of Hazardous Air Pollutants 90% of CO found in urban air 20 pounds of CO 2 emitted every gallon of gasoline burning by the vehicle Low emissions and good fuel economy are both important for the environment

IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

  WHO Report(1999) on Health costs due to traffic-related pollution in Europe Every year air pollution from cars causes 

300, 000 extra cases of Bronchitis in Children

 

15, 000 Hospital Admissions for Heart Disease 395, 000 Asthma attacks in Adults and



162, 000 Asthma attacks in Children in each year

 Car pollution kills more people than car accidents  Long-term exposure in adults over 30 years age can cause extra 21,000 premature deaths from Respiratory or Heart diseases

FUELS DECARBONISATION TRENDS

Gasoline Fuel specifications in

S No

different countries for 2000 AD

Characteristics California US EU India 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lead, g/l Sulphur, wt ppm Oxygenates Oxygen, wt%, Max Benzene, max vol% Olefins, Vol% max Aromatics, Vol% Max Rvp, Kpa max 0 40 All Oxygenates 1.8-2.2

0.8

6.0

25 43.8

0 185 All Oxygenates 2.1

0.95

9.2

24 60 0 50-100 All Oxygenates 2.1

1-2 5-10 20-30 45-54 0..5

200-500 Just Ethers 2.3

3 18 45 70

ADVANTAGEOUS OXYGENATES

• • • • •

The potential benefits of adding oxygenates to gasoline are Less CO emissions Reduced unburned hydrocarbon emissions Decrease in Ozone content in the lower atmospheres of highly polluted areas Environment friendly replacement for TEL and aromatics for Octane requirements for good engine performance FCC volatile olefins with high photochemical reactivity can be converted to ethers which decreases volatility and increases octane content with oxygen

FCC GASOLINE ETHERIFICATION WITH ETHANOL WITH NEW BIFUNCTIONAL CATALYST Etherification Temp,oC % Olefins conversion % EtOH Conversion Density, g/cc 60 24 14.1

0.7186

Odour Colour 65 26 22.8

70 41 26.6

75 43 30.3

80 40 24.4

0.7194

0.7208

0.7197

0.7183

Naphtha Pungent Pungent Pungent Pungent Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Pale yellow

VEHICLES WITH NATURAL GAS

• •

~ 800,000 - 1.000,000 vehicles in the world running on natural gas

– – – – –

Russia Italy South America Australia and North America The market position: capable for fuelling vehicles and refuelling stations at an acceptable level of development

•

The fuel infrastructure may allow the easy transition to hydrogen supply

SYNTHESIS GAS REFINERY

Clean and Alternative Molecular Fuels

EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE OF GTL(F-T) DIESEL FUELS

GTL Fuels are far superior to Petroleum derived Diesel GTL fuel characteristics

• • •

Cetane - 75 Sulphur - ~0 Aromatics - ~0

100 80 60 40 20 0

Emissions reduction compared to current Diesel HC CO Pollutants NOx PM

HYDROGEN – IDEAL ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY FUEL

• • • • • •

Decarbonise the fuel sphere Can be realized the zero emission transportation Can be used in both conventional ICE and Fuel Cells with water as effluent Unique combustion characteristics lean burning with air without NOx –SMOG precursor Avoids the global climate changes as it can’t produce CO2 No particulates and unburnt Hydrocarbons

DME AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL

• • •

Stationary Applications

–

Power Plants

– –

Diesel Gensets Ceramic and Glass Industry Transportation

–

Diesel Engines

–

CNG Fuel for Fuel Cells

DME ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES PURE DME DOES NOT POSE ANY ENVIORNMENTAL ISSUE DUE TO



PHYSICALLY LIKE LPG. LPG INDUSTRY HAS AN OUTSTANDING SAFETY RECORD



150 000 T/A OF DME USE AS AN AEROSOL PROPELLANT IS BECAUSE OF ITS ENVIORNMENTALLY BEGING CHARACTERSTICS I.e.

o o o

NOT HARMFUL TO OZONE LAYER READILY DEGRADES IN THE TROPOSPHERE TO CO 2 NON TOXIC AND H 2 O

  o o o o

NON CARCINOGENIC NON TETRAGEN NON TERATOGEN NON MUTAGEN

o

NON CORROSIVE DISPLAYS A VISIBLE FLAME OVERWIDE RANGE OF AIR FUEL RATIO HEAVIER THAN AIR HENCE NEEDS SAME HANDLING AND SAFETY CARE AS PROPANE AND LPG

HOW EFFICIENT IS OUR CURRENT VEHICLE ?

ADVANTAGES OF FUEL CELLS OVER OTHER POWER SOURCES

         

Environmentally friendly High power density High energy conversion efficiency Operation at low temperatures and pressures Zero to very low emissions dependent on fuel Site flexibility Fuel flexibility Quiet operation Cogeneration capability Responsiveness to load variations

SUITABLE FOR MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS, INCLUDING AUTOMOTIVE

AUTOMOTIVE FUEL CELL DRIVERS

• • • •

Kyoto agreement requires CO 2 reduction Europe will reduce car CO 2 emissions Aggressive fuel/CO 2 taxes California Zero Emission Vehicle by 2003

Public policy will help build a market for Fuel Cell Vehicles

COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCY AUTOMOBILE POWER SYSTEMS

HYDROGEN ECONOMY CONCEPTUAL APPROACH

FUELS ISSUES FOR FUEL CELLS IN TRANSPORTATION SECTOR

PROJECTED FC VEHICLE PERFORMANCE: LIGHT WEIGHT HYBRID VEHICLE

FUELS AND PROCESSING STEPS IN FUEL PROCESSOR FOR FUEL CELLS

Natural Gas Gasoline Alcohol + O 2 + H 2 O FUEL PROCESSOR H 2 Fuel cell Power Fuel evaporation Syngas generation 60 - 200°C R-OH (l)  HC (l)  R-OH (g) HC (g) Partial Oxidation Steam Reforming Autothermal Reforming 750 - 1000°C HC + H 2 O + O 2  CO, H 2 , CO 2 , H 2 O Water-gas shift CO clean-up High Temperature Medium Temperature Low Temperature 200 - 550°C CO + H 2 O  CO 2 + H 2 Preferential Oxidation Membranes ambient - 70°C CO + O 2  CO 2

FUELS FOR FUEL CELL POWERED VEHICLES [Fuel Report by California Energy commission, July’99]

PROMISING FUEL PROPERTIES OF METHANOL FOR PEM FUEL CELLS

• • • • • • •

Liquid having high energy density at ambient temperature and pressure, High energy storage capacity Simple molecule Sulfur free Fairly easy to reform into hydrogen rich gas lower reforming temperature – High hydrogen to CO2 ratio in comparison with other processing options Low carbon monoxide yield(CO)

MONASH’S FUEL PROCESSOR AND FUEL CELL SYSTEMS

• •

The fuel processor with C 1 Fuels and H2 storage for both PEMFC & AFC with major Australian Fuels-syngas, NG. LPG etc.

•

I.

COMPACT FUEL REFORMER WITHOUT THE CO CLEANUP STEP MeOH/DME/Methyl formate reforming

•

II.

CARBON DIOXIDE FREE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION III.

Catalytic Decomposition of NG & LPG CH 4 C 2 H 6 C 3 H 8 = C + 2H 2 = 2C+ 3 H 2 = 3C + 4 H 2+ nC 4 H 10 = 4C + 5 H 2+

D

H = + 75.6Kj/mol

D

H = + 83.7Kj/mol

D

H = + 103.8Kj/mol

D

H = + 125.5Kj/mol Catalytic Reforming of NG & LPG to Aromatics and H2 6CH 4 3C 2 H 6 = C 6 H 6 = C 6 H 6 + 9H 2 + 6 H 2 C 3 H 8 = C 6 H 6 + 5 H 2 NOVEL MATERIALS FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE Hybrid Novel Carbon Materials with Metal Hydrides

ON-BOARD HYDROGEN STORAGE

The challenges of fuelling for fuel cell vehicles

• • • •

The biggest issue is how to provide fuel The space needed to store the fuel on board the vehicle Efficient ways for processing fossil fuels on board must be developed Even though reforming is a gentler process than combustion, it still introduces trace emissions, which will dragged down overall efficiency Efficiency and Technical difficulty – Direct hydrogen vehicles are the most efficient, followed by on-board processor of methanol and then gasoline

HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE AND STORAGE

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND DISPENSING

TARGETS AND STATUS

ON – BOARD OFF-BOARD

CONCLUSIONS

• • •

Utility Sustainable energy concepts are critical for global climate change and resource diversification Clean as well as molecular fuels are going to play prominent role to transition to decarbonisation of fuels Synthesis gas will be the feedstock for both clean as well as molecular fuels for both Combustion engines and Fuel Cells

• • •

C1 oxygenates such as MeOH, DME, Methyl formate can be efficient conventional fuels and source for low temperature hydrogen production by steam reforming CO2 free H2 production fro low temperature fuel cells from NG and lower hydrocarbons have both economic and technical advantages New adsorbents for H2 storage can realize the zero emission concepts