Transcript WEB Dubois, Booker T Washington, Marcus Garvey

THE SEARCH FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
By Ashley Arents
Do a Presentation for History class?
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS BETWEEN 1865 AND 1929
• Harlem Renaissance (1919-1934)
• Great Migration (1916-1970)
• Segregation between blacks and whites
• Ku Klux Klan (1866-1870)
• Founded by confederate soldiers after Civil war.
• Anti-Black, Jew, Catholic, and Communist.
• Destroyed by president Grant in 1870 with Civil Rights Acts.
Reemerged in 1915.
HARLEM RENAISSANCE
• Literary, artistic, cultural,
and intellectual movement
that was also called the
New Negro Movement.
• Started in Harlem, NY after
WWI and ended around
1935.
• Raised significant issues
about African Americans
through the arts. Included
Booker T Washington.
THE GREAT MIGRATION (1916-1970)
• This was a long-term movement of African Americans from the
South to the North.
• About 6-7 million African Americans took part in this ‘migration’
• Approximately 500,000 went to Chicago.
• Caused by a rise in lynching and racially-motivated murders that
began after the Civil War ended.
• There were better opportunities in the North, including schooling
for children and voting for African American men.
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS BETWEEN
1865 AND 1929
• Difficult to get good jobs in the South
• …but they were able to rent their own land and farm.
• Called Sharecropping
• Former plantation owners would rent out their land to the
African Americans
• Most farmers in the South were sharecroppers by 1880
• However, they did not make much money because of
dropping prices
LEGAL CONDITIONS BETWEEN 1965 AND
1929
• World War I involvement
• 14th Amendment: Minorities born in the USA get citizenship (1870)
• 15th Amendment: granted black men the right to vote (1870)
• Jim Crow Laws (1876-1968).
• Basically overruled the above amendments when they were
enacted after Southern reconstruction ended (1876).
• Laws imposed on African Americans (Voting disfranchisements,
public accommodations, living quarters, separate libraries,
segregation, et cetera.
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR I
• During WWI, even the armed
forces were segregated, but
many African Americans still
volunteered to serve in the
war.
• Many eagerly volunteered to
help Allies’ cause
• 350,000 African Americans
had served in the war by 1918
• 369th Infantry Regiment most
distinguished unit. 171
members were awarded the
Legion of Merit.
•
369th Infantry Regiment, the “Harlem
Hellfighters”
PLESSY V FERGUSON (1896)
• Upheld constitutionality of racial segregation
• “Separate IS Equal”
• June 7, 1892: Homer Plessy boarded whites-only train
car. He refused to leave so he was arrested. Lost his
case in all courts.
• Upheld most of 1890 Louisiana State mandatory
separation laws.
• Destroyed most of 1875 Civil Rights Laws
• Overturned in 1954 Brown vs. Topeka Board of Ed.
DUBOIS, WASHINGTON, AND
GARVEY
• All sought civil rights, but in different ways
• Dubois took a more aggressive approach to achieve these
goals.
• Talented Tenth, “The Crisis”
• Washington, although criticized by Dubois, took a calmer
approach
• Tuskegee Institute, Atlanta Compromise
• Garvey was the most criticized of the three
• Back to Africa movement
W.E.B. DUBOIS
• Chief spokesman for the new 20 th century black approach to
racism.
• Launched an open attack on “Atlanta Compromise”, accusing
Booker T Washington of limiting aspirations of his race.
• Believed that the talented 10th of blacks should lead the way.
• Talented Tenth: Term coined by WEB Dubois in a persuasive
essay by the same name.
• Refers to the leadership class of African Americans. The
phrase is used in the essay to describe the likelihood of one
in every ten African Americans becoming successful.
W.E.B. DUBOIS CONT…
• Niagara Movement (1905)
• Opposition to disenfranchisement and racial segregation
• National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People
(NAACP)
• Had the position of Director of Publicity and Research
• Edited the monthly magazine “The Crisis”
• Opposed Marcus Garvey, calling him the “most dangerous
enemy to the Negro race”
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
• The chief spokesman for the commitment for blacks to receive a
good education in order to climb the ranks and become rich.
• Started the Tuskegee institute for blacks. Urged industrial skills
over classical (art) education.
• Felt that blacks should forgo agitating for social and political
rights, and should concentrate on self-improvement and
preparation for equality.
• This is why WEB Dubois accused him of limiting the
aspirations of African Americans
BOOKER T WASHINGTON CONT…
• Tuskegee Institute: Opened in 1881. People could go from
poverty to success through self-help and schooling.
• Atlanta Address of 1895 (Atlanta Compromise)
• Wrote several books about “rising from the ashes” of slavery. Up
From Slavery (1901)
• Washington himself was born a slave
• Got a Master’s Degree from Harvard, Doctorate from Dartmouth
college
• Fun Fact: In 1901, he was the first African American to ever be
invited to visit the White House. Invited by President Theodore
Roosevelt
ATLANTA COMPROMISE
• Compromise between African American leaders and Southern
white leaders in 1895
• Southern African Americans would work each week and obey
the white political rule, and Southern whites agreed to let African
Americans receive a basic education and due process law.
• The Compromise was largely penned by Booker T. Washington
• Criticized by W.E.B. Dubois
MARCUS GARVEY
• Created the Universal Negro
Improvement Association and
believed the only way for Black
Americans to be equal was to
have their own businesses, etc.
• Promoted Back to Africa
program. The program made
many African government
officials dislike him.
• Back to Africa: (Revived in
1877) Seen as a solution to the
rising African American
population. Encouraged those
of African descent to return to
African homeland of ancestors.
MARCUS GARVEY CONT…
• “Our union must know no clime, boundary, or nationality…let us
hold together under all climes and in every country”
• Garvey wanted to develop Liberia to make it more welcome to
African Americans through the Back to Africa movement.
• Intended to build schools, universities, railroads…et cetera.
• Never actually worked and plan was abandoned in the
1920s.
• Garvey was often criticized for his tactics.
• W.E.B. Dubois stated: “Marcus Garvey is, without doubt, the
most dangerous enemy of the Negro race in America and in
the world. He is either a lunatic or a traitor”
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