Transcript Document

Welcome to . . .
Lightning Protection
An Essential Risk
Management Element
Statistical Data on
Insurance Claims
Misoperation
24%
Others
14%
Source: NLSI, USA
Storm
1%
Burglary
29%
Lightning
21%
Flood
Fire 5%
6%
World Thunderstorm Days
Indonesia ~ 160 Thunderstorm Days
US National Space & Science
Technology Centre
Two instruments were used
to gather data for the aerial
map. The Optical Transient
detector was launched
aboard NASA's Microlab
satellite in 1995 and the
Lightning Imaging Sensor is
fitted to a joint NASA-Japan
satellite launched in 1997 to
measure tropical rainfall
levels.
The sensors gathered lightning data
over periods of five and three years
respectively.
Lightning Strikes
Lightning Strikes
Lightning Strikes
Typical formation of
Lightning - Step 1
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Negative electrical
charges build up
within clouds
Electric field
intensification
Positive charges
gather on ground
Air breakdown leads
to stepped leader
Typical formation of
Lightning - Step 2
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Continuation of
downward step leader
Further electric field
intensification
Strong upward
positive streamer
generation
Streamer racing
towards downward
step leader
Typical formation of
Lightning - Step 3
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Positive upward
streamer meets the
downward step leader
Conducting path forms
Potential is equalised
by the "return stroke"
Visible lightning flash
Lightning
Strike
Main Discharge
Step Leaders
Streamers
National Geographic July 1993
Typical characteristics of
Lightning Pulse
Typical
50 kA
LONG TAIL
=> flow
HIGH VOLTAGE
di & dv
dt
dt
HIGH ENERGY
VERY FAST
RISE TIME
=> fhigh
Typical Lightning Strike
Instantaneous
Power
Total Energy
Over one Megawatt
Sound Pressure
90 Atmospheres at 500m away
Temperature
Rise Time
30,000°K+ (5 times Sun
Surface)
0.1 to 5 Microseconds
Average Current
35 kA
Duration
300 Microseconds + Repeats
Channel Length
5 km
Over 250 Kilojoules
How Transients enter your
Equipment
Capacitive coupling
is where the transient
voltage is coupled
due to the inherent
capacitance between
two circuits
Magnetic coupling
occurs when magnetic
field of a current
carrying conductor
induces lightning
current on to an
adjacent conductor
Galvanic coupling
is a direct electrical
connection
Direct Lightning Damage
Direct Lightning Damage
Transient Damage
Transient Damage
LPI’s 4 Step Approach
Risk Assessment
• Many standards have essential risk assessment
methods
• AS1768
• IEC61024
• NF C 17-102
LPI Step 1
Definition and Provision of Area
Protection
Conventional Methods
ROLLING SPHERE
CONE OF PROTECTION
Electrical Field Modelling
Originally developed by AJ
Ericksson
LPI CAD software forms three
dimensional representation
of the structure to be
protected and the air
terminals to be used.
Based on this representation
the software determines if
protection is achieved to the
required level of risk.
Electric Field Modelling
Bu ild ing Striking
Dista nc e Surfa c e
Te rm ina l Striking
Dista nc e Surfa c e
Striking distance is
influenced by geometry and
dimensions such as height,
width, radius and altitude all
have effect.
Corners and edges cause an
up-leader to be launched
when the down-leader is at a
greater distance than flat
surfaces.
This striking distance is
calculated for all directions
from the terminal and from
the structure resulting in two
surfaces.
Electric Field Modelling
Do wn -Le a d e r
Te rm in a l Strikin g
Dista n c e Su rfa c e
x
y
z
Bu ild in g Strikin g
Dista n c e Su rfa c e
The software
determines if coverage
is successfully achieved
based on the relative
distances between the
surfaces and typical
leader velocities based
on the site & location
conditions
LPI GuardianTerminals
LPI Guardian Terminals
LPI Guardian Terminals
LPI Guardian Terminals
• Finial with blunt tip
• A triggering procedure
• Electrically “floating”
medium consisting of 4
electrically isolated
panels
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High voltage connection
at the base
CAT Air Terminal
• Re-acts to Atmospheric Changes
• Corona Reducing Terminal
• Controlled Streamer Emission
Due to the geometric shape and Controlled Advanced
Triggering procedure, the LPI Guardian reliably ensures a
timely launch of an upward leader, into an electric field
conducive to continual propagation
Lab Tests of CAT Terminals
All critical components of LPI Guardian System 5 has
under gone independent Tests carried out in
accordance with IEC 60-1 standards.
IEC Test Certificate
Test Certificate issued by
The University of Tasmania,
Australia
Central Plaza - Hong Kong
Height of building:
370m - 78 storeys
Lightning Protection Terminal:
LPI Guardian CAT III
Year of Installation:
2006
LPI HVSC Downconductor
Z
0
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L
C
LPI HVSC
Characteristics of HVSC
Description
Concentric conductor
- Nominal cross-section
- No. / diameter of wire
Cable diameter
Technical Data
50 mm²
34 / 1.38 mm
37 mm
Electrical Characteristics
- DC. Resistance of conductor
- DC. Resistance of screen
- Insulation resistance
0.387 Ω/km
0.448 Ω/km
1,890 MΩ-km
Benefits of HVSC
• Reduced risk of side flashing
• Selection of route to ground
• Single Earth System
• Bonding of building not required
• Most of energy contained in core
• Relatively easy to retrofit
• Reduced induction to nearby electronic
equipment
LPI Step 2
Creation of a Bonded Earthing
System
Why Grounding?
• By CODE Required
• Personnel Safety
• Equipment Protection
• Lightning Dissipation (5kHz - 50kHz)
• Electro-Static Discharge (ESD)
• Noise Control
( Touch and step potential)
(Operate over current device
during a ground fault 50/60Hz event)
(Computer Grounding)
Objective of Lightning
Protection Earth
To dissipate the lightning
energy with minimum
voltage rise that may affect
people or equipment
Earth Potential Rise
Consider only R
Earth potential rise:
V =IxR
= 50 000 x 10
= 500 kV
Earthing
Lightning Frequency: 5 – 50KHz
SHUNT CONDUCTANCE G
is related to soil conductivity p
and contact resistance
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE
Z0 =
R+jwL
G+jwC
We want: Z low = R low, L low, C high
Lightning Strike to Ground
Types of Lightning Earth
Earthing System
Combination of
horizontal strip and
vertical rods
- Linea
- Radial
Optimum spacing
L>2xD
LPI GRIP™ with
Radius Conductors
LPI GRIP™ with Earth
Rods
Exothermic Welding
Why LPI Exoweld®
Welding?
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Permanent bonding and eliminates joints
Bonding at over 2,000 ºC
Any type of connection is possible
No corrosion and bonding of different
metals are possible
• Easy, fast and safe to use
• Cost effective solution
LPI Step 3
Protection of Power Lines
Consequences of
Unprotected System
Electrical Hazards
Operational Issues
• Unsafe for staff
• Equipment damage
• Fire
• System downtime
• Loss of data
• Data corruption
Result = Loss of Revenue
Types of Power Problems
• Surges and transients over voltages
• Temporary over and under voltages
• Brown-outs / black-outs
• Frequency variations
LPI offers solutions to
ALL above problems
Types of Power Line
Protection
SHUNT
PROTECTION
SERIES
PROTECTION
Also known as
Also known as
PARALLEL PROTECTION
SURGE FILTER
LPI Shunt Protection
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High let-through voltage
Wavefront unaltered (very
sharp and large)
Energy diversion only
Point of entry protection
Ideal for robust
equipment (Air-con, pumps,
motors etc)
Not based on load current
LPI Shunt Products
LPI Series Protection
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Low let-through voltage
Wavefront slowed (low)
Energy diverted and filtered
Poor power conditions
Based on load current
Vital for sensitive electronics
Fine protection
Common & differential mode
LPI Series Filter
Applied Pulse 6kV 1.2/50µs, 3kA 8/20µs
LPI Series Filter
Typical 3Ph Filter Circuit
LPI 3Ph Filter
LPI Also Offers
• Over and Under Voltage Disconnect
• Voltage Regulators
• Voltage Stabilizers (Servo Controlled)
• UPS through reputed manufactures
• Rectifiers
• Sealed Maintenance Batteries
LPI Step 4
Protection of Signal, Data, RF and
Communications Lines
LPI Signal, Data
Comms & RF
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Data Line Protection for LAN, WAN, Serial
Port & RJ45
Signal Line Protection (6v up to 150vdc)
– Levels, Pressure etc typical 4-20mA
Comms – Analogue, ISDN & ADSL
LPI Signal, Data & Comms
LPI Installations
LPI Installations
LPI Installations
Thank You for Your Attention
For any further details, kindly contact your local LPI authorized
distributor or LPI Australia:
Paul Hollingsworth
CEO
Lightning Protection International Pty Ltd
16 Mertonvale Circuit,
Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia
Phone: +61 3 6227 1944
Fax: +61 3 6229 1900
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.lpi.com.au