Transcript Chapter 2: Tourism Impacts on the Economy, Society

Chapter 8-4
Tourism Sustainable
Development
Learning Objectives
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2.
3.
4.
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7.
Explain the three major economic impacts of tourism on
destination areas and how these impacts are measured
Describe the strategies to maximize the economic impact of
tourism and how tourism’s role in economic development
can be analyzed.
Discuss the potentially negative social and cultural impacts
of tourism on destination areas.
Identify the positive social and cultural impacts that may
result from tourism.
Describe the potentially negative environmental impacts of
tourism on destination areas.
Identify the positive environmental impacts that may result
from tourism.
Explain the principles of sustainable tourism development.
Three Major Economic Impacts of Tourism
1.
Increasing foreign exchange earnings
2.
Increasing income
3.
Increasing employment
Strategies for Maximizing the Economic
Impact of Tourism
1.
Encouraging import substitution
2.
Implementing incentive programs
3.
Dealing with multinational companies
Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of
Tourism
 Damage to family structures and subsistence food
production.
 Displacement of local people to make way for
airports, resorts, nature reserves, historical and
other attraction sites, and other tourism
development projects.
 Encouragement of behaviors such as begging,
touting, and other harassment of visitors.
Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of
Tourism
 Encouragement of urbanization and emigration.
 Friction and resentment between local people and
visitors because of overcrowding and lack of
access for residents to recreational areas and
facilities.
 Increase in health risks through diseases such as
AIDS, malaria, hepatitis, and influenza.
Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of
Tourism
 Increase in drug abuse and prostitution.
 Open antagonism and crimes against visitors.
 Commercialization of traditional welcome and
hospitality customs.
 Loss of cultural identity.
 Overcrowding and damage to archaeological and
historical sites and monuments.
Positive Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism
 May encourage attempts to keep culture and traditions
alive.
 Traditional ways and goods may be restored because
visitors are interested and are willing buyers of these.
 Festivals staged for visitors help to keep local cultures alive.
Potentially Negative Environmental Impacts of
Tourism
 Changes of land use.
 Congestion and air pollution.
 Contribution to worldwide environmental problems.
 Deterioration and disturbance of the natural
ecology.
 Deterioration of archaeological, historical,
architectural, and natural sites.
Potentially Negative Environmental Impacts of
Tourism
 Impacts of foot traffic.
 Pollution of beaches, lakes, rivers, and underground water.
 Visual clutter.
 Insufficient utility service capacities.
Positive Environmental
Impacts of Tourism
 Greater protection of specific ecosystems.
 More control of harmful economic activities
such as logging and commercial fishing.
 Part of visitor expenditures may be
reinvested in research and better
conservation programs.
 Greater understanding among local
residents of environmental issues.
Principles of
Sustainable Tourism Development
1.
Ecological sustainability
2.
Social and cultural sustainability
3.
Economic sustainability
Three main principles (McIntyre, 1993):
 Ecological sustainability
 Social and cultural sustainability
 Economic sustainability
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Economic sustainability
Economic Development and
sociocultural protection
Economic growth
Private profit
Market expansion
Local self-reliance STD
Social accountability
Strengthen
community identity
Conservationism
Ecological process
Biological diversity
Biological resources
Carrying capacity
Social and cultural sustainability
Ecological sustainability
Deep ecology
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http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html
Ecological Sustainability
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 First, prior to departure, tourists purchase travel-related
clothing and equipment.
 Second, when tourists travel long distances to tourist
destinations, they create considerable atmospheric
pollution and other impacts on the global environment.
 Third, upon arrival at the tourist destination, tourists
often continue their accustomed habits of consumption
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 high altitude emissions from long distance
air travel
 Marine dumping of wastes from cruise ships
 little public information is available on the
environmental and social impacts of long
distance travel
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 Degradation of local water and soil quality
into a vicious circle
 Reduced access by local residents to land,
housing and marine resources
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 Green tourism & eco-tourism
 Solutions to tourism-related pollution in the travel
and tourism industry are technologically
available.
 The industry has every opportunity to institute
voluntary initiatives and self-regulation to
address green tourism advocates and those
calling for government regulation.
 The establishment of formal environmental
management systems (EMSs) in each business
establishment
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 The establishment of waste reduction
programs
 Appropriate waste management systems
and infrastructure
 National governments and tourism
businesses maintaining
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 Green Globe is a global
benchmarking,
certification and
management system
that is based on Agenda
21 and principles of
sustainable
development endorsed
by 182 Heads of State
at the United Nations
Rio de Janeiro Earth
Summit. It provides
companies and
communities with a path
to sustainable travel and
tourism.
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a) an architectural concept of a symbiosis of
buildings and nature
b) eco-airport features that seek to preserve
and foster the local eco-system
c) the commitment to co-exist harmoniously
with the surrounding community
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Cultural Sustainablility
----Positive
----Negative
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

A better understanding between different
civilizations
Introduce the local traditions to the world
Achieve the up-to-date theory and
technology
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

Regain the respect of many marginalized
traditions
Lead many traditions to their 2nd blooming
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

Disrupt the original lifestyle.
The different cultural background may result in a
misunderstanding between visitors & local
community.
Leading to the increasing rate of crime, decrease
the public morality.
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 Assimilation: “Process of assimilating or
being assimilated.” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s
English-Chinese Dictionary)
 Vulgarization: “Process of becoming vulgar”,
reduce the profound meanings of traditions.
 Commercialization: More and more people
tend to treat traditions with an attitude of
making profit.
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
According to the USA website: www.MSNBC.com,
under the destruction of improper tourism developing,
the Great Wall is disappearing at a daily-growing
speed. Without effective protection, we won’t see it in
the next century.
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 See traditions in the light of development
 Keep the essence, discard the dross
 Treat cultural differences with
acceptance
 Education
 Emphasize the importance of treasuring
the heritages
 Cultivate experts, protect the historical
sites with up-to-date theory
 Balance the development and protection
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Economic Sustainability
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Positive Effects
Negative Effects
Increasing foreign
exchange earnings
Leakage
Increasing income
Enclave tourism (cruise
line)
Increasing employment
Infrastructure costs
Stimulation of
infrastructure
development
Increase in prices
Economic dependence of
the local community on
tourism
Seasonal character of jobs
Other industry impacts
affecting tourism
(economic crises)
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Encouraging
Import
Substitution
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Implementing
Incentive
Programs
Financial
incentive
Fiscal
incentives
Cause an inflow of
capital to develop
the tourism
destination mix
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Problems &
Issues
Incentives are given base on
what the competition is offering
• The capital incentives maybe given when
there are more extra labors
Program itself may cause some
difficulties or problems
• Managers may lose interest in the project
or let quality standards run down when
tax holiday comes to a close
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A Destination
Should:
Examine the performance of other countries’
incentive programs in light of their resources
and development objectives
Research the actual needs of investors
Design codes of investment concessions related
to specific development objectives, with precise
requirements of the investors
Establish targets of achievement and periodically
monitor and assess the level of realization of
such targets
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Dealing with
Multinational
Tourism
Companies
When the tourism has developed , the opportunity has
arisen for the global expansion of large tourism
companies. These multinational companies have been
criticized for operating to benefit their own profitability
at the expense of destination areas. And most
multinational tourism companies have their head
offices in the most developed countries. But those kind
of companies usually generate lower foreign exchange
receipts than do local hotels
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Limited Job
Opportunities
Those multinational companies usually
employ more professional managers rather
than the local people. But some
management contracts say that three to five
years the management team must be made
up of locals. At this points , the destination
can really benefit from the foreign owned
companies.
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Charter Issue
Visitors prefer to travel by an airline of their
country of origin rather than by the airline
of the destination country for the quality
and safety issue. So sometimes the lease of
aircraft from developed countries is
necessary , especially for developing
countries
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Tour Operators
Tour operators can influence the destination a lot .
So if destination areas become totally dependent on
foreign tour operators , they risk losing control of
tourism development, and also foreign exchange
revenues may suffer. In addition, by dealing with
operators who specialize in smaller but more
specialized markets, there is more chance that local
inbound operators will be used.
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Foreign Currency
Some countries have limited the amount of their own
currency that visitors can bring into and take out to
ensure that foreign currency is used to pay bills
within the destination. Some destinations may have
some strict requirements of currency to the visitors.
And also some requirements about currencies for the
foreign tour operators.
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Coopetition
The definition of coopetition is the need
for cooperation among tourism
destinations in order to better market the
tourism product effectively and meet the
competition at the regional or global level.
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Government
Business
Coop
etitio Non-profit
n
Figure1.1 Venn diagram of
government, business and
non-profit coopetition
Small
community
A
Co
op
eti
tio
n
Small
Community
B
Figure1.2 Venn
diagram of two small
communities practicing
coopetition
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Economic
Analysis
Methods
Cost / Benefit
Analysis
Structural Analysis
Satellite National
Accounting
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Cost /Benefit Analysis
-------A technique used to determine
which economic sector produces the most
benefit in terms of foreign exchange ,
employment , taxes , or income generated
relative to the costs of development.
Disadvantage: the results of cost/benefit
analysis are too dependent on the
appropriateness of its assumptions. It is not
possible to check actual performance
against prediction.
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Structural Analysis
As growth occurs, long-term economic
changes can be tracked through structural
analysis. There are three different processes
must be studied:
(1) Accumulation processes( investment,
government revenue, education)
(2) Resource allocation process( structure of
domestic demand, production and trade)
(3) Demographic and distribution process
( labor allocation , urbanization, demographic
transition, income distribution)
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Satellite National Accounting
The World Tourism Organization and World Travel & Tourism
Council support the concept of analyzing tourism through a
satellite account for tourism. In essence, this means adding up
the impacts of tourism that have traditionally been allocated to
other economic sectors.
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 Meets the needs of present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
—— World Commission on Environment
and Development (1987)
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 The use of natural resources to support
economic activity without compromising the
environment’s carrying capacity, which is its
ability to continue producing those economic
goods and services.
—— Manning and Dougherty (1995)
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 Tourism which is developed and maintained in
an area (community, environment) in such a
manner and such a scale that it remains viable
over an indefinite period and does not degrade
or alter the environment (human and physical) in
which it exists to such a degree that it prohibits
the successful development and well-being of
other activities and processes.
—— Butler (1993)
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http://www.cadi.ph/sustainable_development.htm
 It tries its utmost to maintain the importance of
local culture and tradition.
 It is informatory, as it doesn’t only let tourist
know about the destinations but also it helps
locals knowing about the culture and civilizations
of tourists.
 It is aimed to conserve the resources of
destinations where one is visiting to.
 It seeks deeper involvement of locals, which
provide local people an opportunity and make
their living.
 It stresses pointedly upon integrity of the tourist
places.
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 This WTO report recommends that tourism
needs to be developed to satisfy three broad
principles (Ding and Pigram, 1995):
 1. To improve the quality of life of the host
community.
 2. To provide a high-quality experience for
visitors.
 3. To maintain the quality of environment on
which both the host community and the visitors
depend.
McIntyre, G. 1993. Sustainable Tourism Development:
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Guide for Local Planners. Madrid：World Tourism Organization.
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Economic viability
Local prosperity
Employment quality
Social equity
Visitor fulfillment
Local control
Community wellbeing
Cultural richness
Physical integrity
Biological diversity
Resource efficiency
Environmental purity
Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers, in September542005
—— released by UNEP and WTO.
Provinces
Central
Government
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 Oct. 25.1995, the United Nations released Paris
Declaration: In 21 century, the only way for mankind
to survive is to learn the essence from Confucius
2500 years ago.
 Government--Official members who involve in
policy-setting and planning need to recognize and
give equal consideration to both potential positive
and negative effects of tourism.
 Private sectors-- consciously balance the interests
of profit, environment, and social and culture.
 Community-- Local people must play a key role in
determining the future of tourism in their community.
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References
 McIntyre, G. 1993. Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for Local
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Planners. Madrid：World Tourism Organization.
Manning, E. W., and T. D. Dougherty. 1995. Sustainable tourism:
Preserving the golden goose. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant
Administration Quarterly, 36 (2):29-42.
Butler, R. W. 1993. Pre- and Post-Impact Assessment of Tourism
Development. Tourism research: Critiques and challenges. New York:
Routledge. 135-155.
Ding, P., and J. Pigram, 1995. Environmental audits: An emerging
concept in sustainable tourism development. Journal of Tourism
Studies, 6 (2):2-10.
David L . Edgell, Srand R. Todd Haenisch.(1995). Coopetition: Global
Tourism Beyond the Millennium, 2.
From Newspaper article’ “Coopetition” is needed in eastern N.C ‘, The
Daily Reflector, Greenville, North Carolina, 04 November 2004.
Robert Christie Mill and Alastair M . Morrison. (2006). The Tourism
System. US: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
Yongjin Deng, Folklore-based Tourism, Yunnan University Press
Zhaoxiang Ba, National folklore Tourism, Fujian People’s Publishing
House
Xing Xiao, The Development of the Chinese Tourism Resources, China
Travel & Tourism Press
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References
 http://www.ecoindia.com/sustainable-tourism.html
 http://www.sectur.gob.mx/wb/secturing/sect_ing_destinations_care/_rid/95
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95/_mto/3/_wst/maximized?imp_act=imp_step3&page=0
http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html
http://www.cadi.ph/sustainable_development.htm
http://www.world-tourism.org/
http://www.wttc.org/
http://www.msnbc.com/
http://dlib.cnki.net/kns50/detail.aspx?filename=2007096274.nh&dbname=
CMFD2007
http://www.scribd.com/doc/2931610/ARCHAEOLOGY-TOURISM-ANDSUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENThttp://www.wttc.org/bin/pdf/temp/progresspriorities05-06.html
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The End !
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