Transcript Slajd 1 - SocratesComenius2008-2010

Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de
los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso
(25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter,
draughtsman, and sculptor. He is best known for co-founding the
Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles embodied in
his work. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les
Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) and Guernica (1937), his portrayal
of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War.
Picasso demonstrated uncanny artistic talent in his early years,
painting in a realistic manner through his childhood and
adolescence; during the first decade of the twentieth century his
style changed as he experimented with different theories,
techniques, and ideas. His revolutionary artistic accomplishments
brought him universal renown and immense fortunes throughout
his life, making him the best-known figure in twentieth century
art.
Luis de Morales (1510? - 9 May 1586) was a Spanish painter
born in Badajoz, Extremadura. Known as "El Divino", most
of his work was of religious subjects, including many
representations of the Madonna and Child and the Passion.
Influenced, especially in his early work, by Raphael Sanzio
and the Lombard school of Leonardo, he was called by his
contemporaries "The Divine Morales", because of his skill
and the shocking realism of his paintings, and because of the
spirituality transmitted by all his work.
His work has been divided by critics into two periods, an
early stage under the influence of Florentine artists such as
Michelangelo and a more intense, more anatomically correct
later period similar to German and Flemish renaissance
painters.
Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, 1st Marquis of
Púbol (May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989) was a prominent
Spanish Catalan surrealist painter born in Figueres.
Dalí was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking and
bizarre images in his surrealist work. His painterly skills are
often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters. His
best-known work, The Persistence of Memory, was completed in
1931. Dalí's expansive artistic repertoire includes film, sculpture,
and photography, in collaboration with a range of artists in a
variety of media.
Dalí attributed his "love of everything that is gilded and
excessive, my passion for luxury and my love of oriental clothes"
to a self-styled "Arab lineage," claiming that his ancestors were
descended from the Moors.
Dalí was highly imaginative, and also had an affinity for
partaking in unusual and grandiose behavior, in order to draw
attention to himself. This sometimes irked those who loved his art
as much as it annoyed his critics, since his eccentric manner
sometimes drew more public attention than his artwork.
Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (30 March
1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish painter and
printmaker regarded both as the last of the Old
Masters and as the first of the moderns. Goya was
a court painter to the Spanish Crown and a
chronicler of history. The subversive and subjective
element in his art, as well as his bold handling of
paint, provided a model for the work of later
generations of artists, notably Manet and Picasso.
El Greco (1541 – April 7, 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and
architect of the Spanish Renaissance. "El Greco" ( The Greek) was
a nickname, a reference to his Greek origin, and the artist
normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek
letters, Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος (Doménikos Theotokópoulos).
El Greco was born in Crete, which was at that time part of the
Republic of Venice, and the centre of Post-Byzantine art. He
trained and became a master within that tradition before
travelling at age 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done. In
1570 he moved to Rome, where he opened a workshop and
executed a series of works. During his stay in Italy, El Greco
enriched his style with elements of Mannerism and of the
Venetian Renaissance. In 1577, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where
he lived and worked until his death. In Toledo, El Greco
received several major commissions and produced
his best known paintings.
Francisco Pizarro González, 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c. 1471
or 1476 – 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror
of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital
of Peru. Pizarro was born in Trujillo, Extremadura, modern
Spain. Sources differ in the birth year they assign to him: 1471,
1475–1478, or unknown. He was an illegitimate son of Gonzalo
Pizarro Rodríguez de Aguilar (senior) (1446-1522) who as colonel
of infantry served in the Italian campaigns under Gonzalo
Fernández de Córdoba, and in Navarre, with some distinction.
His mother was Francisca González Mateos, a woman of slender
means from Trujillo, daughter of Juan Mateos, of the family
called Los Roperos, and wife María Alonso, labradores pecheros
from Trujillo. His mother married late in life and had a son
Francisco Martín de Alcántara, married to Inés Muñoz, who from
the beginning was at the Conquest of Perú, where he then lived,
always at his brother's side, who held him always as one of his
most trusted men. Through his father, Francisco was second
cousin to Hernán Cortés, the famed conquistador of Mexico.
On 13 February 1502, he sailed from Spain with the new
appointed Governor of Hispaniola Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres
on a fleet of thirty ships. It was the largest fleet that had ever
sailed to the New World. The thirty ships carried 2,500 colonists.
Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro, 1st Marquis of the Valle de Oaxaca
(1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition
that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of
mainland Mexico under the King of Castile, in the early 16th century. Cortés
was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of
the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Born in Medellín, Spain, to a family of lesser nobility, Cortés chose to pursue
a livelihood in the New World. He went to Hispaniola and later to Cuba,
where he received an encomienda and, for a short time, became alcalde
(magistrate) of the second Spanish town founded on the island. In 1519, he
was elected captain of the third expedition to the mainland, an expedition
which he partly funded. His enmity with the Governor of Cuba, Diego
Velázquez de Cuéllar, resulted in the recall of the expedition at the last
moment, an order which Cortés ignored. Arriving on the continent, Cortés
executed a successful strategy of allying with some indigenous peoples
against others. He also used a native woman, Doña Marina, as an
interpreter; she would later bear Cortés a son. When the Governor of Cuba
sent emissaries to arrest Cortés, he fought them and won, using the extra
troops as reinforcements. Cortés wrote letters directly to the king asking to
be acknowledged for his successes instead of punished for mutiny. After he
overthrew the Aztec Empire, Cortés was awarded the title of Marqués del
Valle de Oaxaca, while the more prestigious title of Viceroy was given to a
high-ranking nobleman, Antonio de Mendoza. Cortés returned to Spain in
1541 where he died peacefully but embittered.
Flamenco is a style of music which is considered part of
the culture of Spain, but is actually native to only one
region: Andalusia. The term is also applied to the dance
style performed to flamenco music.
Andalusian, Gypsy, Sephardic, Moorish and Byzantine
influences have been detected in flamenco, often said to
have coalesced prior to and after the Reconquista was
completed, in the 15th century. The origins of the term are
unclear; the word flamenco itself was not recorded until
the 18th century.
Flamenco is the music of the Andalusian gypsies and
played in their social community. Andalusian people who
grew up around gypsies were also accepted as "flamencos"
(Paco de Lucía). Other regions, mainly Extremadura and
Murcia, have also contributed to the development of
flamenco, and many flamenco artists have been born
outside Andalusia. Latin American and especially Cuban
influences have also contributed, as evidenced in the
dances of "Ida y Vuelta".
Salsa is a syncretic dance genre from Cuba, as the meeting
point of European and African popular culture. It later spreads
to Puerto Rico and the rest of the Carribean Isles. Salsa is
essentially Cuban with deep Afro-Cuban beats, and taking
musical influences from Son, Guaguancó, Rumba, and later
improvised to regional rhythms such as Boogaloo, Pachanga,
Guaracha, and Bomba.
Johnny Pacheco, creator of the Fania All-Stars, who "brought
salsa to New York", with members including Tito Puente, Ray
Barretto, Willie Colón, Larry Harlow, Johnny Pacheco, Roberto
Roena and Bobby Valentín, says "Bueno, la Salsa es y siempre
ha sido la Música Cubana", meaning "Well, salsa is and has
always been Cuban music."
Salsa is normally a partner dance, although there are
recognized solo forms, line dancing (suelta), and Rueda de
Casino where groups of couples exchange partners in a circle.
Salsa can be improvised or performed with a set routine.
Salsa is popular throughout Latin America, and also in the
United States, Spain, Japan, Portugal, France, Eastern Europe
and Italy.
The name "salsa" is the Spanish word for sauce, connoting, in
American Spanish, a spicy flavor. Salsa also suggests a
"mixture" of ingredients, though this meaning is not found in
most stories of the term's origin.
Pasodoble (literal meaning in Spanish: double-step) is
a typical Spanish march-like musical style as well as
the corresponding dance style danced by a couple. It is
the type of music typically played in bullfights during
the bullfighters' entrance to the ring ( paseo) or during
the passes (faena) just before the kill. It corresponds to
the Pasodoble dance (traditional and ballroom).
Paso Doble or pasodoble is a lively style of dance to the
duple meter march-like pasodoble music. It actually
originated in southern France, but is modeled after the
sound, drama, and movement of the Spanish bullfight.
Paso doble means "double step" in Spanish.
Famous bullfighters have been honored with pasodoble
tunes named after them. Others are inspired in
patriotic motives or local characters.
Rumba is a Spanish word that means "party". The
word describes a family of percussive rhythms, song
and dance that originated in Cuba as a combination of
the musical traditions of Africans brought to Cuba as
slaves and Spanish colonizers. It is secular, with no
religious connections. The details of how it developed
are not fully known.
The term spread in the 1930s and 1940s to the faster
popular music of Cuba (the Peanut Vendor was a
classic), where it was used as a catch-all term, rather
as salsa today. Also, the term is used in the
international Latin-American dance syllabus, where it
is a misnomer: the music used for this slower dance is
the bolero-son.
Bullfighting also known as tauromachy (from Greek ταυρομαχία tauromachia, "bull-fight"), is a traditional spectacle of Spain,
Portugal, some cities in southern France and in several Latin
American countries, in which one or more bulls are ritually killed
in a bullring as a public spectacle. In Portugal it is illegal to kill a
bull in the arena, a nonlethal variant stemming from Portuguese
influence is also practiced on the Tanzanian island of Pemba.
The tradition, as it is practiced today, involves professional
toreros (toureiros in Portuguese; also referred to as toreadors in
English), who execute various formal moves in order to subdue
the bull itself. Such maneuvers are performed at close range, and
have in some cases resulted in injury or even death of the
performer. The bullfight usually concludes with the death of the
bull by a sword thrust. In Portugal the finale consists of a
tradition called the pega, where men (forcados) try to grab and
hold the bull by its horns when it runs at them. Forcados are
dressed in a traditional costume of damask or velvet, with long
knit hats as worn by the campinos (bull headers) from Ribatejo.
Bullfighting generates heated controversy in many areas of the
world, including Mexico, Ecuador, Spain, Peru, and Portugal.
Supporters of bullfighting argue that it is a culturally important
tradition, while animal rights groups argue that it is a blood sport
because of the suffering of the bull and horses during the
bullfight.
La Tomatina is a food fight festival held on the last Wednesday of
August each year in the town of Buñol in the Valencia region of
Spain. Tens of thousands of participants come from all over the
world to fight in a brutal battle where more than one hundred
metric tons of over-ripe tomatoes are thrown in the streets in
exactly one hour.
The week-long festival features music, parades, dancing, and
fireworks. On the night before, participants of the festival
compete in a paella cooking contest. It is tradition for the women
to wear all white and the men to wear no shirts. This festival
started in a casual way in 1945, but wasn't officially recognized
until 1952.
Approximately 20,000–50,000 tourists come to find out more
about the tomato fight, multiply by several times Buñol's normal
population of slightly over 9,000. There is limited accommodation
for people who come to La Tomatina, and thus many participants
stay in Valencia and travel by bus or train to Buñol, about 38 km
outside the city. In preparation for the dirty mess that will ensue,
shopkeepers use huge plastic covers on their storefronts in order
to protect them. They also use about 150,000 tomatoes, just about
90,000 pounds.
Night of Saint Juan (Noche de San Juan)
When: Night of June 23
This festival is also known as the Night of the
Witches, an aura of magic envelops Valencia
during this national holiday celebrating both San
Juan and the coming of summer. Valencianos
gravitate to the city's beaches, Malvarrosa and
Arenal, which are lined with small bonfires and
hoards of people. Along with music, dancing, openair fairs and the ever-present fireworks displays,
tradition has it that if you wash your feet in the
water and jump over the small bonfires your
wishes will come true.
Christmas Eve / Christmas (Nochebuena / Navidad)
When: December 24-25
Decorative lights, nativity scenes - especially the
elaborate one set up alongside a soaring Christmas
tree in the Plaza del Ayuntamiento), Christmas
markets and holiday caroles set the festive mood in
Valencia for Nochebuena and Navidad.
Nochebuena, or Christmas Eve, is one of the most
important - and usually one of the biggest- dinners
of the year. Families, both immediate and extended,
gather together for a night of eating, drinking,
chatting and general holiday cheer.
On Navidad, or Christmas Day, itself, families
spend a good chunk of the day recovering from the
previous night and gearing up for the mid-day
Christmas meal. Children may open a couple of
presents dropped off by Santa Claus, but the day
that they're anxiously awaiting is January 6: Three
Kings Day. In Valencia's Turia riverbed park there
is also a Feria de Navidad (Christmas Fair)
featuring knick-knacks, rides and fun activities for
children and families.
New Years Eve (Nochevieja)
When: December 31-January 1
Ringing in the new year in Valencia starts off as a
family celebration full of copious amounts of eating,
drinking and conversation. Then you can either flip
on the television and watch the live footage of the
countdown in Madrid's Puerta del Sol or head to
Valencia's open plazas- particularly those that have a
clock- with hoards of party-goers armed with their
"good luck grapes." When the clock strikes midnight,
you have to pop a grape in your mouth with each of
the 12 chimes of the clock; if you complete the feat,
you're looking at a year of good luck. Plus, it's a
pretty entertaining spectacle!
The night, however, is far from over. Late-night
celebrations take over bars and discotecas as huge
parties are held; normally you pay a fixed price to get
in, which gets you open-bar and a night of fun and
entertainment.
Barcelona is the capital and the most populous city of the
Autonomous Community of Catalonia and the second largest
city in Spain, with a population of 1,615,908 in 2008. It is the
11th-most populous municipality in the European Union and
sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union after
Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr Area, Madrid and Milan, with a
population of 4,185,000. 4.9 million people live in Barcelona
metropolitan area. The main part of a union of adjacent cities
and municipalities named Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona
(AMB) with a population of 3,186,461 in area of 636 km²
(density 5.010 hab/km²).
Barcelona is recognised as a global city because of its
importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts
and international trade.Barcelona is a major economic centre
with one of Europe's principal Mediterranean ports, and
Barcelona International Airport is the second largest in Spain
after the Madrid-Barajas Airport (handles about 30 million
passengers per year). Founded as a Roman city, Barcelona
became the capital of the Counts of Barcelona. After merging
with the Kingdom of Aragon, it became one of the most
important cities of the Crown of Aragon. Besieged several times
during its history, Barcelona is today an important cultural
centre and a major tourist destination and has a rich cultural
heritage. Particularly renowned are architectural works of
Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner that have been
designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
PortAventura is a theme park in the resort of salou,
Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain, on the Costa Daurada
("Golden Coast"), approximately an hour south of
Barcelona. It was conceived and built as a joint effort by
the Tussauds group (Alton Towers), Anheuser-Busch
(Busch Entertainment Corporation) and Universal
Studios. In 1997, Universal bought up most shares in the
park and the park was rebranded as 'Universal's Port
Aventura'. In 2000, two hotels and a water park were
constructed, and the place was further rebranded as
'Universal Mediteranea'. In 2004, NBC Universal
(Universal Studios' parent) sold all interest in
PortAventura. It is now owned and operated by the Caixa
banking group's investment vehicle Criteria, but as of
2005 the Universal name has been dropped from the
branding, and the resort was once again named
'PortAventura' (the space in the name is deliberately left
out for trademark reasons). It is the biggest resort in the
south of Europe. It has 2 airports within 30 minutes of it,
including Reus Airport. There is a train station for
PortAventura which has connections to Barcelona and
Salou.
Montserrat is a British overseas territory located in the Leeward
Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles in
the Caribbean Sea. It measures approximately 16 km (10 miles)
long and 11 km (7 miles) wide, giving 40 kilometres (25 mi) of
coastline.[ Christopher Columbus gave Montserrat its name on his
second voyage to the New World in 1493, after Montserrat
mountain located in Catalonia, Spain. Montserrat is nicknamed
the Emerald Isle of the Caribbean, both for its resemblance to
coastal Ireland and for the Irish descent of its inhabitants.
Its Georgian era capital city of Plymouth was destroyed and twothirds of the island's population were forced to flee abroad by an
eruption of the previously dormant Soufriere Hills volcano that
began on July 18, 1995. The eruption continues today on a much
reduced scale, the damage being confined to the areas around
Plymouth including its docking facilities and the former W.H.
Bramble Airport. An exclusion zone extending from the south coast
of the island north to parts of the Belham Valley has been imposed
because of an increase in the size of the existing volcanic dome.
Visitors are no longer permitted entry into Plymouth. The village
of Brades currently serves as the temporary centre of government
while construction proceeds on a new town at Little Bay in the
north of the island, out of reach of further volcanic activity.
Alcover is a municipality in the comarca of Alt Camp, Tarragona,
Catalonia, Spain.
Tarragona is a city located in the south of
Catalonia and east of Spain, by the
Mediterranean Sea. It is the capital of the
Spanish province of the same name and the
capital of the Catalan comarca Tarragonès. In
the medieval and modern times it was the
capital of the Vegueria of Tarragona. As of the
2009 census, the city had a population of
140,323, and the population of the entire
metropolitan area was estimated to be
675,921.
The Alhambra (Arabic: ‫ا ْل َح ْم َراء‬, Al-Ḥamrā' , literally
"the red one"), the complete form of which was Calat
Alhambra (‫ا ْل َق ْل َع ُة ٱ ْل َح ْم َرا ُء‬, Al-Qal'at al-Ḥamrā' , "the red
fortress"), is a palace and fortress complex
constructed during the mid 14th century by the
Moorish rulers of the Emirate of Granada in AlAndalus, occupying a hilly terrace on the
southeastern border of the city of Granada, now in
the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.
Once the residence of the Muslim rulers of Granada
and their court, the site became a Christian palace.
Within the Alhambra, the Palace of Charles V was
erected by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1527.
After being allowed to fall into disrepair, the
Alhambra was "rediscovered" in the 19th century. It
is now one of Spain's major tourist attractions and
exhibits the country's most famous Islamic
architecture, together with Christian 16th-century
and later interventions in buildings and gardens.
Tarragona Amphitheatre is a Roman amphitheatre in the city of Tarragona,
in the Catalonia region of north-east Spain. It was built in the 2nd century
AD, sited close to the forum of this provincial capital.
The Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família (official
Catalan name; Spanish: Templo Expiatorio de la
Sagrada Familia; "Expiatory Church of the Holy
Family"), often simply called the Sagrada Família, is
a massive, privately-funded Roman Catholic church
that has been under construction in Barcelona,
Catalonia, Spain since 1882 and is not expected to be
complete until at least 2026. A portion of the
building's interior is scheduled to open for public
worship and tours by September 2010.
Considered the master-work of renowned Catalan
architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926), the project's vast
scale and idiosyncratic design have made it one of
Barcelona's (and Spain's) top tourist attractions for
many years.
The Basilica-Cathedral of Our Lady of the Pillar (in Spanish
Catedral-Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pilar) is a Roman
Catholic church in the city of Zaragoza, Aragon in Spain. The
Basilica venerates Blessed Virgin Mary , under her title Our
Lady of the Pillar praised as Mother of the Hispanic Peoples
by Pope John Paul II. It is reputed to be the first church
dedicated to Mary in history.
Local traditions take the history of this basilica to the dawn
of Christianity in Spain attributing to an apparition to St
James the greater, an Apostle who had brought Christianity
to the country. This is the only known apparition of Mary to
have occurred before her Assumption.
Many of the kings of Spain, many other foreign rulers and
saints have paid their devotion before this statue of Mary. St.
John of the Cross, St. Teresa of Avila, St. Ignatius of Loyola,
and Blessed William Joseph Chaminade are among the most
outstanding ones. The Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar is
one of two minor basilicas in the city of Zaragoza, and is cocathedral of the city alongside the nearby La Seo Cathedral.
The architecture is of baroque style, and the present building
was predominantly built between 1681 and 1872.