Transcript The Industrial Revolution, 1700-1900

1700-1900
The Agricultural Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution
• Preceded and accompanied the industrial revolution.
• Great Britain led the way.
• The Enclosure Movement
– Aristocrats and gentry enclosed common land by
building fences and stone walls, and planting hedges.
• No more free access to grazing lands and
woodlands.
• Increased number of large and medium-sized farms,
as well as the production of food.
– Peasants often became farm laborers.
• Displaced peasants migrated to towns to find
employment in factories.
The Agricultural Revolution:
Development of scientific agriculture
• Viscount Townshend
(1725-1767)
introduced crop
rotation:
– Advocated planting
clover and/or turnips to
nourish soil and
provide livestock food.
• Robert Bakewell
(1725-1795): scientific
breeding of cattle and
sheep.
The Agricultural Revolution:
Inventions of farm machinery
• Jethro Tull
(1674-1741)
developed the
seed drill:
– A device that
planted seeds in
neat rows.
• McCormick’s
reaper, 1834.
The Industrial Revolution:
Factors of Great Britain’s leadership.
• Available capital for investment.
• World market sales experience.
• Pro-industrial government
policies.
• Ample resources of coal and
iron.
The Industrial Revolution:
The Cotton Textile Industry
• First to experience the application of
power-driven machinery on a wide
scale.
• Textile Inventions:
– Flying shuttle: by John Kay in 1733.
– Spinning jenny: by James Hargreaves in
mid 1760s.
Flying Shuttle & Spinning Jenny
Textile Inventions (cont’d)
• Water frame: Richard Arkwright, 1769.
Produced a stronger, though coarser,
thread than that made by the jenny.
• Mule: Samuel Crompton, 1779. Combined
best features of the jenny and the water
frame and produced thread that was both
fine and strong.
• Power loom: Edmund Cartwright, 1785.
Crompton’s Mule &
Cartwright’s Power Loom
Textile Inventions (cont’d)
• Cotton gin: Eli Whitney,
1793. Answered the
demand for raw cotton by
creating a device for
removing the seeds from
cotton fiber.
• Precision parts:
increased operational
efficiency of the new
machines and led to:
• Standardized,
interchangeable parts
for industrial
machinery.
Textile Inventions (cont’d)
• Rolling press:
1780s. Replaced
the handoperated plates
that had
previously been
used for the
printing of
textiles.
The Factory System.
• Larger, more complex
machinery resulted in the
move from small workshops
and cottage-based industry
to factories.
–Luddites.
Steam as an Energy Source
• Steam = a dependable
and efficient source of
power for industrial
machinery.
– Newcomen engine,
1712, first practical
device to harness
steam power, but
wasted fuel.
– James Watt, 1769,
improved and
patented a more
efficient steam engine.
Coal, Iron, and Steel.
•
•
Safer, more efficient
mining: Steam engine
pumped water out of
mines and powered
ventilating fans that
pushed fresh air into
mines.
Iron: Coal provided fuel to
power steam engines,
which powered blast
furnaces, which produced
purer, stronger iron.
Stronger iron made
possible the manufacture
of more efficient steam
engines.
Pig Iron
•
•
Pig iron is the intermediate product
of smelting iron ore with coke,
usually with limestone as a flux. Pig
iron has a very high carbon content,
typically 3.5–4.5%, which makes it
very brittle and not useful directly
as a material except for limited
applications.
Traditionally pig iron would be
worked into wrought iron in finery
forges, and later puddling furnaces,
more recently into steel. In these
processes, pig iron is melted and a
strong current of air is directed over
it while it is being stirred or
agitated. This causes the dissolved
impurities (such as silicon) to be
thoroughly oxidized. An
intermediate product of puddling is
known as refined pig iron, finers
metal, or refined iron.
Coal, Iron, and Steel.
• Steel: more flexible and stronger
than iron.
– Bessemer converter, 1856, invented
by Henry Bessemer, was the 1st
efficient method for mass
production of steel.
– Open-hearth process of
steelmaking, 1866, invented by
William Siemens.
The Revolution in Transportation
• Roads and Canals
– 1815, John McAdam:
a durable road
surface made of
crushed stone
cemented by stone
dust and water.
– 1869, Suez Canal,
French engineers
link Mediterranean
and Indian Ocean by
way of the Red Sea.
The Revolution in Transportation
cont’d.
• Railroads
• Development of the steam
engine and improvement
in the quality of iron led to
the creation of railroads.
• George Stephenson, 1825,
put a steam locomotive
into operation in England.
– The Rocket.
• 1830: only a few miles of
railroad in all of Europe.
• 1870: Euro railway mileage
totaled 900,000.
The Revolution in
Transportation cont’d.
• Shipping
• 1807, Robert Fulton,
introduced the Clermont,
the first economically
successful steamship.
• 1840, Samuel Cunard,
started regular passenger
service by steamship
from Liverpool to Boston.
– 1/2 the available space
aboard ship was occupied
with coal.
Advanced Energy Sources:
Electricity and Petroleum
• Thomas Edison
– 1879, developed the 1st
successful
incandescent electric
light bulb.
– 1882, designed a plan
for construction of
central electric power
stations.
– Electricity was used
increasingly to power
industrial machinery.
Advanced Energy Sources:
Oil
• 1859, 1st
commercially
important oil well
drilled in PA.
• 1892, Rudolf Diesel,
patented an engine
that burned oil directly
in its cylinders to
produce power,
instead of using it to
make steam.
The Revolution in
Transportation cont’d.
• Automobile
• 1880s, Gottlieb
Daimler used a
gasoline motor to
power a bicycle.
• 1885, Karl Friedrich
Benz developed a
water-cooled internal
combustion engine
with electric ignition.
The Revolution in
Transportation cont’d.
• Aircraft
• Late 1700s, hot air
balloon invented in
France.
• 1900, Count Ferdinand
von Zeppelin built the
1st efficient dirigible, a
powered balloon.
• 1903, Wilbur and Orville
Wright made the 1st
successful flights in an
airplane (heavier than
air).
The Revolution in Communications
• Telegraph
• 1836, Samuel F. B.
Morse invented the
telegraph.
• 1851, telegraph cable
laid beneath the English
Channel, linking Great
Britain with the
continent.
• 1866, Cyrus Field laid
the 1st transatlantic
cable joining the US and
Great Britain.
The Revolution in Communications
cont’d.
• Mail Delivery
• 1840, Great Britain introduced the
penny post, the 1st modern postal
system.
• 1874, the International Postal Union
was established to regulate
international mail delivery.
The Revolution in Communications
cont’d.
• Telephone
• 1876, Alexander
Graham Bell invented
the telephone.
• 1877, Bell Telephone
was founded.
• 1884, telephone
service between NY
and Boston.
• 1890s, a telephone
network was taking
shape in Europe.
The Revolution in Communications
cont’d.
• Radio
•
•
•
•
1899, Marconi sent a
wireless message across
the English Channel.
1901, first trans-Atlantic
wireless transmission.
Radio, the wireless
transmission of voices and
music, developed largely on
research undertaken by Sir
John Fleming and Lee de
Forest.
Regularly scheduled
broadcasts not until after
WWI.
Banking, Credit, and Business Organization
• Limited Liability
• Joint stock principle
applied to banks and
industrial enterprises.
• Investors would share in
profits proportionate to the
amount of stock owned.
• Investors were liable only
for the amount they had
invested.
• Creditors of a bankrupt
enterprise could not
demand additional
payments from investors.
The Human Cost of Industrialization
• Early stages of
industrialization
– Men, women, and children
worked 12 to 18 hours for
very low wages.
– Unsafe, unhealthy
factories.
– Crowded slum living,
without adequate sewage, a
safe supply of water,
educational opportunities,
and access to health care.
– Poverty brought into sharp
focus, promoting the
growth of demands for
reform.