Transcript Slide 1

China, Japan, and
the Ottoman Empire in the 19th Century
•As the West continued to strengthen
industrially and economically, old empires
began to crumble due to both internal
weaknesses and conflicts and lagging industry
and technology compared to the West.
•China, the Ottoman empire, Japan, (and India)
all had varying responses to these challenges
with varying results.
China in the 19th – early 20th Century
•List the countries
that developed
spheres of
influence in China.
•Who had the
most land area
under their
control?
•What nonWestern country
developed a
sphere of
influence?
China
•Western powers and Japan developed economic
spheres of influence in China, dominating trade,
pressuring the government, and even resulting in armed
conflict such as the Opium Wars between China and
Britain.
•Results of the Opium Wars included:
1. the opium trade continued and China had to
pay reparations to Britain
2. China lost control of Hong Kong and a few
other ports to the British
•Overall, weak leadership, resistance to modernization,
population pressures, and dissatisfaction with the Qing
government’s response to western power led to the end
of the Qing dynasty in 1911.
•The Taiping and Boxer Rebellions also weakened the
Qing government.
The Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) Ended the
Opium Wars
Some terms of the treaty:
I.
Lasting peace between the two nations
II. The ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchau, Ningpo, and Shanghai
to be opened to the British
III. Hong Kong ceded to Her Majesty
VII. 21 million dollars paid in reparations to the British before
December 1, 1845
VIII. All prisoners of war released by the Chinese
Side note: the British controlled Hong Kong for 155 years –
control was turned over to China on June 1, 1997
One of the products Britain sold in China was opium. It
was imported from South Asia (British India) and made
many British merchants rich. Eventually, the Qing
government tried to ban the sale of opium. This led to
two Opium Wars, both won by Britain. The unequal
treaties that resulted led to British control of parts of the
Qing dynasty, including Hong Kong, a strategic port city.
The sale of opium had been made illegal in China
in 1800, but the black-market narcotics trade
flourished in defiance of the law, and there were
an estimated two million Chinese opium addicts.
Those convicted of smuggling or selling opium
into China were usually executed by strangulation.
Typical forms of Chinese punishment for using opium
•The Taiping Rebellion
(1850-1864)
The Taiping Rebellion resulted from
many factors, which included:
• corruption and the decline of the Qing
dynasty
• enormous population pressures that
China faced in the mid-nineteenth
century
•the introduction of Western ideologies
and religions into Chinese society
Though the rebellion ultimately failed,
the Qing government was weakened
beyond repair. The Boxer Rebellion
which followed shortly after also
weakened the Qing dynasty, by
highlighting incompetence in dealing
with both internal and external forces.
The Taiping Rebellion is a good example of
millenarianism – the belief in a coming ideal
society and especially one created by revolutionary
action. Other examples would be the Daoist-based
Yellow Turban Revolt during the 1st century Han
dynasty, or the Ghost Dance movement of Native
Americans in North America in the late 19th century.
Hung Xiuquan (1814-1864) was the son of a
farmer and an aspiring Chinese bureaucrat. He
came under the influence of Christian
missionaries, and reached the conclusion that
he was the younger brother of Jesus sent to
found the Heavenly Kingdom on earth. Faced
with the collapse of Qing dynasty rule (under
Western onslaught), Hung tapped into the
deep millenarianism of the Chinese peasantry
(previously expressed in Buddhist terms) and
began a rebellion - the Taiping Rebellion
("Taiping tien-quo" means the "Heavenly
Kingdom of Great Peace").
There were many other revolts, but this was by
far the most serious. Lasting from 1851
to1864, Taiping rebels took control of large
portions of south and central China, including
the southern capital of Nanking. There a
theocraticmilitary government was
established.
The Taiping Rebellion
(1850-1864)
The Boxer Rebellion
•Took place between 1898-1901
•Was an anti-Western movement
•A response to imperialism in China, western evangelical
influences, and foreign influences in large cities
•At first, the movement was suppressed by the Qing
government, but then they supported it in the hopes of expelling
foreign influences.
•The rebellion was ended by an 8 nation alliance, which included
forces from Britain, France, the U.S., and Japan.
The Sino-Japanese War was a disaster for
China. China conceded Taiwan to Japan.
Sun Yixian
(a.k.a. Sun Yat-sen)
founder of the
first Chinese
Republic
Finally, 5,000 years of dynastic
rule in China came to an end in
1911. China tumbled into civil war
as local warlords sought to control
their territories, while nationalist
leaders such as Sun Yixian sought
to unify China. Civil war took hold
of China after Sun’s death as Mao
Zedong and his communist forces
battled Sun's successor Jiang
Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek) for
control of the country. In 1949,
Mao established a communist
government in mainland China
while Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan
and established a democratic
government there.
The Ottoman Empire
• Neither China nor the Ottoman empire fell under direct European rule,
but both were diminished in the shifting balance of power in the 19th
century.
• Both attempted “defensive modernization,” trying to strengthen their
states and preserve independence, while dealing with pressures to
hold on to old identities and traditions.
• Nationalism increased in both China and the Ottoman empire, as well
as Japan and the West in the 19th century.
• The Ottomans remained the central figure in the widespread Islamic
world.
• By the mid 19th century the Ottoman empire could no longer deal with
Europe on equal footing.
• Russian, British, French, and Austrian aggression led to loss of
territory and control of lands and resources such as the Suez Canal.
• Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania achieved independence in the
19th century, with British and Russian help.
• The Ottoman government came to rely on foreign loans to finance
economic development
Attempts at Reform in the Ottoman Empire
• Some Sultans and leaders attempted reforms:
-Muhammad Ali, leader of de facto independent Egypt,
modernized the Egyptian army and pushed to modernize/
industrialized the cotton industry.
-Sultan Selim III tried to update the Ottoman army
-Tanzimat Reforms in 1839 ended the millet system, created a
West-style law code, pushed for industrialization and economic
reforms, and gave a few educational opportunities to women.
-in 1876 Sultan Abdul Hamid, under pressure by nationalist
reformers, agreed to a constitution and parliament, but he later
suspended the constitution and many reforms
• A military coup in 1908 overthrew the Sultan, led mainly by the
nationalist Young Turks.
Chapter 26 – Study/Review Questions
1. What caused Ottoman decline?
2. Why did the Ottomans NOT collapse in the 19th century?
3. Who were the Young Turks, and what were their goals?
4. How did Britain gain control of Egypt in the 1880’s?
5. How did the Manchu Qing dynasty compare with ethnically
Chinese dynasties?
6. What were the causes for the decline of the Qing dynasty?
7. What were some causes of the late 19th century rebellions
against the Qing, such as the Taiping and Boxer
Rebellions?
Japan
Commodore Matthew Perry
The U.S. Fleet which sailed into Tokyo Bay
Revolution in Japan which toppled the Tokugawa shogunate, "restored"
imperial rule, and transformed the country from a feudal into a modern
state. The opening of Japan's ports to Western colonial fleets, coerced by
Matthew Perry and others from 1853 onwards, exposed the weakness of
the Tokugawa shoguns, and triggered nationalist unrest, under the
slogan sonno joi ("revere the emperor, expel the barbarians"). Radicals
saw a solution in the revival of imperial "direct rule"-especially young
samurai. By the 1860s shogunate and daimyo were importing Western
technology and proposing new governmental structures to meet the
foreign threat.
Under Meiji leadership, the
capital of Edo was renamed
Tokyo.
明治維新
Imperial Palace in Tokyo
In the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars, Meiji
Japan won the right to be treated on an equal level with
the Western imperialist powers. Despite an astonishingly
fast and successful modernization, the ambiguous
constitutional structure, military orientation, and
nationalist ideology of the Meiji Restoration coupled with
the world wide depression of the 1930’s led Japan to the
disastrous imperialist adventures of the 1930’s and
1940’s.
Japan at it’s
territorial height
in WW II
China
Responses
To Western
Influence
Position/
condition at
the start of
the 20th
century
Japan
India
Ottoman Empire