Transcript Japan in the Modern World

Japan in the Modern World
The Path to Modernity
Tokugawa Isolation and Commodore
Perry
Tokugawa Japan: What was it like?
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Over 200 years of peace
Both Daimyo and samurai become impoverished
Samurai became bureaucrats
Other samurai became merchants—beginning of
market economy
Isolation from the rest of the world
Buddhism and Confucianism are important
Sankin Kotai: alternate years of residence in Edo
lead to development of roads and businesses
Threat posed by the West
-- Superior guns and
arms
--Knowledge of
imperialism in Asia
--imposition of unequal
treaties
--business and missionary
interests
Japan’s Revolution involves restoring
the Emperor to direct rule
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“outside” daimyo lead
revolt
Aim to overthrow the
Shogun and restore the
emperor to power
Aim to get rid of
foreigners and unequal
treaties
Body of English merchant, Charles
Richardson killed in Japan
British bombard Kagoshima
French mission training Shogunal
troops
Alliance of Satsuma and Choshu
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Emperor wanted to restore his power
Traditional enemies, Satsuma and Choshu
unite against the Tokugawa
Both outside Hans with tradition of disliking
the shogun
Rallying cry was “Sonno Joi”—restore the
emperor, expel the barbarians
The Last Shogun
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Yoshinobu
Satsuma Samurai plotting Restoration
Shogunal forces burning the Satsuma
Palace in Edo
Saigo Takamori and the Boshin War
The revolution inaugurates an era of
reform
Capital renamed Tokyo and Imperial court
moves there.
Daimyo “return” land to the emperor.
Social classes abandoned, samurai disappear.
Creation of conscript army: universal
conscription based on Prussian model.
Creation of navy based on English model.
Flag Adopted
Flag of Japan: the Rising Sun
Commanders in Japanese army
Japanese Navy
Meiji Restoration
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Everything Western becomes the fashion
Promotion of State Shinto
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Shinto shrines supported by the state
Everyone must register in the shrine
Separation from Buddhism
Downplay of Buddhism
Shinto Shrine: Worship of the Emperor
Promotion of Education
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Charter Oath of 1868: “Knowledge shall be
sought throughout the world so as to
strengthen the foundations of Imperial rule”
Creation of Western Education system:
elementary, secondary and university
1972: mandatory 4 years education for all
children: boys and girls
Imperial Rescript on Education on
1890
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Loyalty to the emperor and the state: picture
of the emperor in each classroom
Self sacrifice to the state and family
Filial piety applied to family AND “national
family” including teachers, officials and
employers
Taught what to think, not how to think
Imperial Rescript on Education
Problems in establishing the new
system
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Saigo Takemori and the
Satsuma Rebellion
Saigo Takamori leads the Satsuma
Rebellion
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Battle of Shiroyama
Saigo and his army
Rule by the Oligarchs
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Privileged clique
Believers in Kokugaku (native studies)
Create conscript military
Abolish four classes of society
Send missions abroad such as Iwakura
Mission
Iwakura Mission
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Headed by Iawkura
Tomomi
Twofold goal—revise
unequal treaties and
learn about West
1871-1873: failed in
first and succeeded in
second
Road to the Meiji Constitution of 1889:
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Society of Patriots (Aikokusha) founded 1878
Jiyuto (Liberal Party) founded in 1881
(French model)
Okuma Shigenobu founded the Constitutional
Progressive Party advocating the British
system
Imperial Rule Party established in 1882
Itagaki Taisuke cerates the Society of
Patriots (Aikokusha)
Okuma Shigenobu creates the
Constitutional Progressive Party
Representation
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1875: Osaka Conference create independent
judiciary
1878: conference of Prefectural Governors
established elected Prefectural assemblies
1880: elected assemblies in villages and towns
1880: delegates from 24 prefectures created the
League for Establishing a National Assembly.
Repression
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1875: laws prohibit press criticism of
government
1880: Public Assembly Law limits public
gatherings and requires police permission for
all meetings
Constitution: Gift of the Emperor to
his People
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Imperial Diet: elected House of Representatives and
House of Peers
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Limited franchise: males over 25, who pay 15 yen
national taxes; about 1% of population.
New Peerage created from old Daimyo and Samurai
who helped the government
Diet approve legislation, initiate laws, submit
petitions to emperor
Sovereignty resides with emperor
Opening Ceremony of Japanese Diet
Industrialization
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Japanese abroad to look at Western models
Westerners hired to teach and set up modern
factories
Goal: equal the West
Mercantile basis: import raw materials and export
finished products
Zaibatsu: government and business work together
Establishment of the Bank of Japan
Textiles were Japan’s largest export
industry
Inside the Tomioka Silk Reeling Mill
Road to Imperialism
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Conflict with China over Okinawan sailors
attacked and killed in Taiwan (1873): first
expedition of new military abroad
Involvement in Korea
Sino-Japanese war of 1894-95
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Triple Intervention: return of Liaodong Peninsula
Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905
Ryukyu Islands: Claimed by both
China and Japan
The French-built Matsushima, flagship
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of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the
Sino-Japanese conflict
Hall where Treaty of Shimonoseki was
signed, 1895
Ito Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang:
signers of Treaty of Shimonoseki
Triple intervention: Russia, France,
and Germany
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Force Japan to return the Liaotung peninsula
to China: Port Arthur (Lushun)
Japanese troops landing in Korea
during the Russo-Japanese War
Japanese troops take Port Arthur
Japanese Destroyer
Japanese gun crew
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
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Japan lease Liaotung
Peninsula
Receive south half of
Sakhalin Island
Return Manchuria to
China
Free hand in Korea
(exchange for US free
hand in Philippines)
Annexation of Korea in 1910 as
Japan’s second colony
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Japan disbands the Korean army
Japan officially makes Korea a colony:
the Korean emperor accepts this in
Yoshihito becomes Emperor Taisho
(Great righteousness) in 1912
Taisho Emperor in Military uniform
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In Poor Health and did
little
Transfer of power to
political parties from
Oligarchy: called
Taisho Democracy
Emperor Taisho leading troops
Rise of Party Politics
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Political crisis leads to creation of
conservative party: Constitutional Association
of Friends
Seiyukai Party loses power in ensuing
election.
Japan in World War I
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Japan declares war on
Germany
Japan seizes German
holding in China, and
the Pacific Islands
Japan gives the Twenty-one Demands
to China
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China to agree to
Japanese control over
Qingdao and
Manchuria
China cease letting
foreigners have
territory
Japan have control over
China’s foreign policy
Japan launches Siberian Expedition
with 75,000 troops
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Aim is to occupy Manchuria and Eastern
Siberia
Last of the allied troops to withdraw in 1925
Many soldiers remain in Manchuria as
railway guards
The treaty of Versailles and the League
of Nations
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Japan confirmed in holding ex-German
possessions in Asia
Protest demonstrations and riots triggered in
China and Korea
Japan joins the newly formed League of
Nations
League of Nations Headquarters in
Switzerland
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Goals included
disarmament
end of warfare
settling disputes with
diplomacy and
negotiation
promoting global
welfare
Japan now a major player on the
International Scene
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Recognized as one of the “big five”
Allowed to keep ex-German possessions in
Pacific and China
Prosperity and problems at home
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Taisho Democracy-two party political system
comes of age
Hara Takashi: first commoner to become
prime minister
New election laws
Government funded public works programs
Growing domestic problems in the
midst of prosperity
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Inflation
Influx of foreign ideas
Tightly controlled economy
Emerging labor movement
Call for universal suffrage by students and
others
Assassination of Hara in 1921
Passage of new election law in 1925
Growing despotism in the government
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Peace Preservation Law passed in 1925
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Forbade conspiracy or revolt again Kokutai
(National essence)
Criminalized socialism and communism
Stressed moral obligation to make sacrifices for
the state
Brutal suppression of the Communist Party
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Respond with assassination attempt on Crown
Prince Hirohito
Growth of Ultra nationalism and rightwing politics
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Patriotic and intelligence-gathering
organizations take active role in politics
Foment pro war sentiments
Support anti socialist and anti communist acts
Kanto Earthquake on September 1,
1923
Destroyed Yokohama, Chiba, Kanagawa,
Shizuoka and Tokyo
105,385 people died
37,000 others missing
88 fires
570,000 homes destroyed
1.9 million homeless
1 billion US$ damage
The Great Kanto Earthquake
Hirohito: The Showa Emperor: 1926
Growing Fascism in Japan: “Japanese
Nationalism”
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Emblem of the Imperial Navy and symbol of
Japanese Nationalism
The steps to War
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Ideology of Nationalism “Kokutai”
Growth of Military and Naval power
Government by assassination
Expansion into Manchuria (Manchuguo)
Leaving the League of Nations
Concept of the “Greater East Asian Coprosperity Sphere
War in China
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Japanese soldiers march into Nanjing
Memorial to the Nanjing Massacre
My favorite anti-war picture
The War Continues: China fights alone
The War changes: Pearl Harbor is
bombed
Southeast Asia falls: prisoners build
railways
End of the War: Bombs fall on
Hiroshima
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Hiroshima bombed on
August 6
Russia declares war on
Japan, August 8
Nagasaki bombed,
August 9
Japan surrenders,
August 14
Japanese surrender
Occupation sets seeds for Japanese
economic miracle
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General MacArthur
Architect of the
Occupation
Japan’s Economic Miracle
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Educational and industrial infrastructure
American aid
1947 American decision to create Japan as
ally in Asia
Japan’s non aggression constitution: article 9
Democracy, a new constitution
Land reform
Economic miracle continued
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Hard work
Concentrating on consumer goods for export
market
Close government industry cooperation
Negotiated sources of raw materials
Protective legislation
Japan today: problems and stresses
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Falling birth rate
Aging population
Textbook controversy
Rise of the “tigers” of Asia
Economic problems
Space and pollution
Baseball in Japan
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Tokyo Big Six Baseball
League: Waseda
University beats Keio
University
Sumo in Japan