Transcript Slide 1

Gary Klass
Department of Politics and Government
Illinois State University
DATA PRESENTATION STANDARDS
“GRAPHICAL EXCELLENCE” -- EDWARD TUFTE
• well-designed presentation of data of
substance, statistics and design
• complex ideas communicated with clarity,
precision and efficiency
• the greatest number of ideas in the shortest
time with the least ink in the smallest space.
Best example: Baseball statistics
FLORENCE NIGHTENGALE
Nurses arrive in
November ‘54
Sanitary commission
arrives in March ‘55
DATA PRESENTATION PRINCIPLES
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•
Show the data
Minimize the ink to data ratio
Present many numbers in a small space
Sort by a meaningful variable
Tell the Truth -- Avoid data distortion
Tables and charts should be self-explanatory
Highlight Meaningful comparisons
MINIMIZE THE INK TO DATA RATIO
• Avoid using unnecessary legends (and color
coding)
• Minimize gridlines (or vertical axis lines)
• Never use 3-D
SORT THE DATA!
• By the most meaningful variable
• The Alphabet is not the most meaningful
variable
• Time goes left to right
SORT DATA BY THE MOST IMPORTANT VARIABLE
The Alphabet is not the most important variable
American League East Division Standings 8/4/09
W
L
PCT
GB
Baltimore
44
61
0.419
19
Boston
62
42
0.596
0.5
New York
63
42
0.600
Tampa Bay
58
48
0.547
5.5
Toronto
51
54
0.486
12
Column1
Hawaii
Seattle, WA
Idaho
Iowa
Connecticut
Atlanta, GA
Rhode Island
SEER
Nebraska
Utah
Colorado
California
San Francisco, CA
US registries
Florida
New Mexico
Michigan
New Jersey
Los Angeles, CA
Detroit, MI
NPCR
Louisiana
Wyoming
New York State
New York City, NY
Breast
Prostate
90.2
88.7
86.3
86.6
85.7
85.7
84.6
86.1
85.4
85.8
87.0
84.9
86.6
84.0
84.0
84.6
82.3
83.4
83.8
83.0
83.1
81.0
84.2
81.0
77.6
91.8
95.3
91.7
92.7
91.9
94.0
90.9
93.1
92.9
93.7
92.9
91.1
90.5
92.3
89.2
92.4
100.0
91.2
91.7
93.8
89.5
88.6
92.2
85.9
82.3
Colon
(M)
68.4
63.9
61.4
60.8
62.4
64.1
64.7
61.9
60.4
60.8
61.7
60.8
59.8
60.2
60.2
62.1
58.8
61.5
61.9
60.6
59.8
59.9
59.5
56.8
54.5
Colon
(W)
67.2
64.2
63.4
64.8
63.5
60.9
63.4
62.1
64.3
58.6
62.0
59.8
60.3
60.2
61.0
61.7
59.3
61.2
58.8
58.2
59.6
58.8
58.5
56.5
53.8
Rectum
(M)
59.6
60.8
66.9
59.0
61.3
56.6
60.1
58.5
58.3
59.9
55.6
57.5
57.0
57.0
57.0
52.6
55.2
56.1
56.2
55.7
56.3
57.2
46.4
55.0
50.9
Rectum
(W)
61.5
65.5
60.0
63.8
62.4
64.5
59.9
61.8
60.6
61.3
59.8
60.3
60.6
59.9
61.0
59.1
59.2
58.4
58.8
57.4
58.8
58.7
52.2
56.7
52.6
Colorectum
(M)
65.4
63.2
63.6
60.3
62.1
62.5
63.4
60.9
59.8
61.1
59.8
59.8
58.9
59.3
59.4
59.0
57.8
59.7
60.0
59.2
58.8
59.2
55.9
56.3
53.5
Colorectum
(W)
66.2
64.9
62.8
64.7
63.4
62.2
62.7
62.2
63.6
59.6
61.7
60.1
60.5
60.3
61.2
61.0
59.5
60.6
58.8
58.0
59.6
58.9
57.7
56.7
53.5
Average
71
71
70
69
69
69
69
68
68
68
68
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
66
66
66
65
63
63
60
REVISED CHART
STACKED BAR: UPSIDE DOWN?
REVISED:
OFFICERS ASSAULTED IN FLORIDA, 1991-2008
No Injury
With Injury
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
0
TIME GOES LEFT TO RIGHT
TELL THE TRUTH!
• Avoid Data Distortion
SCALING DISTORTION
Per Pupil Spending, (2007 $)
4th Grade Reading Scores
220
10 000
7 500
215
+24%
5 000
210
2 500
205
0
200
'90
'95
'00
'05
% 8th Graders scoring 300+ NAEP Math
29
30
20
17
+70%
10
0
'90
'92
'94
'96
'99
'04
'90 '92 '94 '96
'99
'04
New York State Criminal Justice, 2008 Crimestat Report
Note also: Top charts uses 12 numbers to represent 5 datapoints
MINIMIZE THE INK-TO-DATA RATIO
• Avoid all ChartJunk
• Never use 3-D
• Eliminate unnecessary lines
CHARTJUNK: JUNKED CAR
DON’T USE PIE CHARTS!!!!!!!
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Never use Pie Charts
Never ever use 3-D Pie Charts
Never compare data across two pie charts
Beware of the Pie Chart’s friends:
pyramids, cones, donuts and radars
BAR CHARTS ARE BETTER
TWO PIE CHARTS ARE WORSE THAN ONE
REVISED CHART:
PAROLEE EMPLOYMENT STATUS, 2007-8
50%
2007
40%
2008
30%
20%
10%
0%
Not
Employed
Part
Time
Full Time
Minimum Wage
Full Time above
Minimum
MAYBE A PIE: IF ONLY ONE SLICE MATTERS
Employment status of the uninsured, 2009
(persons age 18 to 64, millions)
Did not work
, (13.2), 31%
Worked fulltime, yearround,
(14.6), 34%
Labels on slices,
No legend
Year-round,
less than
full-time,
(14.7), 35%
G.K.
Source: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/incpovhlth/2009/tab8.pdf
DATA-TO-INK RATIO
SIMPLE GRAPHICS
BOXPLOTS, SPARKLINES, AND DOT - PLOTS
the greatest number of ideas
in the shortest time
with the least ink
in the smallest space.
CANCER SURVIVAL RATES IN THE US AND 20 EUROPEAN NATIONS
100
80
US
60
40
20
Prostate Breast
Colon
(F)
Colon
(M)
All
Cancers
Boxplots: England, Scotland, Wales, Austria, Czech Rep., Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Iceland, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
source: Lancet Oncology (LANCET ONCOL), 2008 Aug; 9(8): 730-56
Life expectancy and obesity
83
JPN
CHE
Life
Expectancy
2008
ITA
SWE
FRA
NOR
ESP
CAN
NLD
AUT
DEU
BEL IRE
FIN
AUS
ISL
NZL
LUX
UK
DNK
78
0
% Adult population obese
USA
35
SPARKLINES: "INTENSE, SIMPLE, WORD SIZE GRAPHICS”
- TUFTE
Murders
Rapes
Robberies
Assaults
Burglaries
Thefts
Auto theft
Arson
crime rate
per 100,000
City of Bloomington Index Crimes, 1999-2007
Low
1999
trend
2007 change
1
3
200%
1
63
84
33%
42
43
89
107%
43
277
357
29%
266
432
538
25%
432
1,751
1,575
-10% 1,575
102
104
2%
98
11
24
118%
7
397
374
-6%
324
High
3
84
98
357
641
2,031
118
24
439
Adult Arrests, New York City, 1999-08
1999
116,955
40,087
37,420
624
38,824
2008 1999-08 change
100,043 -16,912 (-14%)
28,765 -11,322 (-28%)
28,296 -9,124 (-24%)
758
134 (+21%)
42,224 3,400 (+9%)
Misdemeanor: 197,332
Drug 78,353
DWI
3,465
Property 58,874
Other 56,640
233,291 35,959 (+18%)
79,976 1,623 (+2%)
8,917 5,452 (+157%)
71,358 12,484 (+21%)
73,040 16,400 (+29%)
Felony:
Drug
Violent
DWI
Other
Total:
314,287
333,334 19,047 (+6%)
SPARKLINE BARS
JJJ
Imprisonment Rates, OECD Nations, 2004
Imprisonment Rates, OECD Nations, 2004
United States (725)
New Zealand (168)
U. K.(138)
Spain (138)
Portugal (129)
Netherlands (123)
Luxembourg (121)
Australia (120)
Canada (107)
Italy (97)
Austria (97)
Germany (96)
France (91)
Belgium (88)
Ireland (85)
Greece (82)
Sweden (81)
Switzerland (81)
Denmark (70)
Finland (66)
Norway (65)
Japan (58)
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
United States
New Zealand
U. K.
Spain
Portugal
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Australia
Canada
Italy
Austria
Germany
France
Belgium
Ireland
Greece
Sweden
Switzerland
Denmark
Finland
Norway
Japan
------------------------------------------------------------x(725)
--------------x(168)
-----------x(138)
-----------x(138)
----------x(129)
----------x(123)
----------x(121)
----------x(120)
--------x(107)
--------x(97)
--------x(97)
--------x(96)
-------x(91)
-------x(88)
-------x(85)
------x(82)
------x(81)
------x(81)
-----x(70)
-----x(66)
-----x(65)
----x(58)
WIN\LOSS SPARKLINE
Team
Bears
Packers
Vikings
Lions
W L
11 4
9 6
6 9
5 10
Pct W\L 16 week
.733
.600
.400
.333
Data
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DASHBOARDS
See:
Stephen Few Information Dashboard Design: The Effective Visual
Communication of Data
A dashboard is a visual display of the most
important information needed to achieve one
or more objectives; consolidated and arranged
on a single screen so the information can be
monitored at a glance.
DASHBOARDS
• http://executivedashboards.org/2010/10/05/
good-executive-dashboards/
BAD DASHBOARDS TRY TO LOOK LIKE DASHBOARDS
BAD DASHBOARDS