Transcript OAD313 Computer Applications in Business II: Introduction

SOC1023G Social Problems:
Unit 4
Race and Ethnic Relations
Friday, July 17, 2015
© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
References
Cox, O. C. (1948). Caste, class, and race. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Kendall, D. (1998). Social problems in a diverse society. Boston: Allyn
and Bacon.
Mooney, L. A., Knox, D., & Schacht, C. (1997). Understanding social
problems. Cincinnati, OH: Wadsworth.
Mooney, L. A., Knox, D., & Schacht, C. (2000). Understanding social problems
(2nd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Wadsworth.
Friday, July 17, 2015
© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
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Devotions
Peter’s Vision and Cornelius
Peter told them, “You know it is
against the Jewish laws for me to
come into a Gentile home like this.
But God has shown me in a vision
that I should never think of anyone
as inferior. So I came as soon as I
was sent for.
Acts 10:28-29a (The
Living
Bible)
© 1998-2002
by Ronald
Keith
Friday, July 17, 2015
Bolender
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Devotions
The most important issue that the
Early Church dealt with was if nonJews (Gentiles) could become
Christians.
This was a major
racial/ethnic issue!
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Devotions
He gives justice to the fatherless and
widows. He loves foreigners and
gives them food and clothing. (You
too must love foreigners . . .)
Deuteronomy 10:18-19a (The Living Bible)
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Devotions
Every third year you are to use your entire
tithe for local welfare programs: Give it to
the Levites who have no inheritance
among you, or to foreigners, or to
widows and orphans within you city, so
that they can eat and be satisfied; and
then Jehovah your God will bless you and
your work.
Deuteronomy 14:28-29 (The Living Bible)
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
Race
Sociologically, a race is a category of people
who are believed to share distinct physical
characteristics that are deemed socially
significant. Racial groups are distinguished on
the basis of such physical characteristics as skin
color, hair texture, facial features, and body
shape and size.
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
U.S. Census
Since the first U.S. Census of 1790 every
Census has defined race differently.
U.S. Census of 1790
Divided the population into four groups:
Free white males
Free white females
Slaves
Others persons (including free blacks and
© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
Indians)
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
“One drop of blood” Rule
In order to increase the size of the slave
population, the “one drop of blood” rule
appeared, which specified that even one drop
of Negroid blood defined a person as black
and, therefore, eligible for slavery.
U.S. Census of 1960
Divided the population into two groups:
White
Nonwhite
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
U.S. Census of 1970
Divided the population into three groups:
White
Black
Other
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
U.S. Census of 1990
Divided the population into four groups:
White
Black
American Indians, Aleut, or Eskimo
Asian or Pacific Islander
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
Question:
Where are the Hispanics?
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
Ethnicity
Ethnicity refers to a shared cultural heritage.
Each ethnic group has important traditions that
give it a unique cultural identity. Ethnic groups
may be distinguished on the basis of many
cultural characteristics, including language,
forms of family structures and roles of family
members, religious beliefs and practices, dietary
customs, forms of artistic expression such as
music and dance,
and national origin.
© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
Race versus Ethnicity
A black American and a black Jamaican
have different cultural, or ethnic,
backgrounds. Conversely, two
individuals with the same ethnic
background may belong to different
races. Hispanics, for example, may
be white or black.
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
Patterns of Majority-Minority Interactions
Colonialism
Occurs when a racial or ethnic group from
one society takes over and dominates the
racial or ethnic group(s) of another society.
India was a colony of Great Britain for many
years.
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
Genocide
Refers to the systematic annihilation of one
racial or ethnic group by another.
The European invasion of the Americans,
beginning in the sixteenth century, resulted in the
decimation of most of the original inhabitants of
North and South America. Some native groups
were intentionally killed, while others fell victim to
diseases brought by the Europeans.
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
Slavery
Exists when one group treats another group
as property to exploit for financial gain. The
dominant group forces the enslaved group to
live a life of servitude.
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
Segregation
Refers to the physical and social separation
of categories of individuals, such as racial or
ethnic groups
De jure
By law
De facto
In fact
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
Assimilation
Is the process by which minority groups
gradually adopt the cultural patterns of the
dominant majority group.
Immigrants to the United States may try to
become assimilated by adopting the food, dress,
customs, and language of the American white
majority.
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
Pluralism
Refers to a state in which racial and ethnic
groups maintain their distinctiveness, but
respect each other and have equal access to
social resources.
In Switzerland, for example, four ethnic groups-French, Italians, Germans, and Swiss Germans-maintain their distinct cultural heritage and group
identity in an atmosphere of mutual respect and
social equality.
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations
Amalgamation (“melting pot”)
Occurs when different ethnic or racial groups
intermingle and produce a new and distinct
genetic and cultural population.
One way to achieve amalgamation, or a
“melting pot” society, is for racial and ethnic
groups to intermarry over generations.
Within the United States, the number of
interracial couples has increased by 78% since
1980.
© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: StructuralFunctionalist Perspective (Order Paradigm)
How is racial and ethnic
inequality dysfunctional for
society?
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: StructuralFunctionalist Perspective (Order Paradigm)
Is Immigration Functional or Dysfunctional
for a Society?
It brings new consumers and workers who are
willing to take jobs that many Americans are not
willing to take
Immigrants take jobs away from Americans and
enable employers to keep wages low
Educational institutions face the challenge of
teaching children from diverse cultural
backgrounds © 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: Symbolic Interactionist
Perspective (Pluralist Paradigm)
Power of symbols
 White versus black knight
 Angel food cake (white) versus devil’s food cake (black)
 Black sheep
 Black plague
 Black magic
 Black mass
 Blackballed
 Blacklisted
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: Symbolic Interactionist
Perspective (Pluralist Paradigm)
When racial or ethnic
derogatory terms are used by
society, it contributes to the
feeling of inferiority within
the members of those groups.
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© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: Conflict
Perspective (Conflict Paradigm)
Conflict theorists emphasize the necessity of
maintaining a surplus labor force, that is,
having more workers than are needed. A
surplus labor force assures that wages
remain low for someone is always
available to take a disgruntled worker’s
place.
Friday, July 17, 2015
© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: Conflict
Perspective (Conflict Paradigm)
According to sociologist Oliver C. Cox
(1948), the primary cause of slavery was
the profit motive of capitalists, not racial
prejudice. African Americans were
enslaved because they were the cheapest
and best workers that owners of
plantations and mines could find to do the
heavy labor.
Kendall (1998, p. 51)
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© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: Prejudice and
Discrimination
Prejudice
Refers to an attitude or judgment, usually
negative, about an entire category of people.
Prejudice may be directed toward individuals
of a particular religion, sexual orientation,
political affiliation, age, social class, sex, race,
or ethnicity
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© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: Prejudice and
Discrimination
Sources of Prejudice
Cultural transmission
• Taught and learned through the socialization process
• Ethnocentric or ethnocentrism
– Using one’s own way of life as a standard for
judging others (indicates the belief that one’s race,
culture, society, etc. are superior to all others)
• Eurocentric
– Biased toward white Europeans, often perpetuating
the belief that minority group members are inferior
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© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: Prejudice and
Discrimination
Stereotypes
• Prejudicial attitudes toward racial and ethnic groups that
are oversimplified generalizations about a category of
individuals
Media
Racism
Extreme prejudice--the belief that certain groups
of people are innately inferior to other groups
Friday, July 17, 2015
© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: Prejudice and
Discrimination
Discrimination
Refers to behavior that involves treating
categories of individuals unequally
Prejudice is attitude--discrimination is behavior
Types of discrimination
Individual discrimination
• Overt discrimination
– The individual discriminates because of his or her
own prejudicial attitudes
Friday, July 17, 2015
© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: Prejudice and
Discrimination
• Adaptive discrimination
– The individual discriminates due to the prejudicial
attitude of others--submits to “peer pressure”
Institutional discrimination
• Occurs when normal operations and procedures of social
institutions result in unequal treatment of minorities
• Cultural discrimination
– By adhering to their own culture, minorities are
systematically excluded from the mainstream of
American society.
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© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: Prejudice and
Discrimination
– Standardized tests: Minorities may score lower on
these tests not because they are less intelligent, but
because they are less familiar with the vocabulary
and knowledge tested by these exams.
• Structural discrimination
– Minorities are also excluded from equal participation
in society’s institutions because of structural
discrimination
– For example, many jobs require a college degree.
Since minorities are less likely to be college
graduates, the probability that the job will be filled
by a minority is lowered.
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© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: Prejudice and
Discrimination
Myth of Asian Superiority
Not all forms of prejudice and
discrimination are expressed in negative
terminology.
Asian American are viewed as the “model
minority” because they outperform
everyone (including whites).
But even a positive stereotype can
create problems
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© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
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Unit 4:
Race and Ethnic Relations: Prejudice and
Discrimination
Dr. Bolender’s Prediction
The “melting pot” phenomenon will continue to
amalgamate most of the non-black racial and
ethnic groups (that currently exist in the United
States) within the next 50 years. Substantial
progress will also be made in the amalgamation
of the black racial group (along with black related
ethnic groups).
When non-Hispanic whites under the age of 25
make up less than 50% of that group, the
amalgamation process will accelerate.
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© 1998-2002 by Ronald Keith
Bolender
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