TERMINOLOGI MEDIS II

Patologi Sistem Sirkulasi/Kardiovaskuler

By: Sarah Suzanna,dr Farida Gustini, drg.

SISTEM SIRKULASI/kardiovaskuler

Terdiri atas:  Jantung  Darah  Pembuluh darah  Aorta  Vena (pembuluh darah balik)  Arteri (pemb. darah nadi)  Venula  Arteriola  Kapiler

Lanjut…st.kardiovaskuler

 Sistem kardiovaskuler berfungsi mengedarkan darah ke seluruh tubuh, membawa oksigen dan gizi ke semua jaringan tubuh dan mengangkut semua zat buangan

JANTUNG

1. Dindingnya terdiri atas 3 lapis yaitu: Perikardium, merupakan selaput pembungkus jantung Miokardium, merupakan otot jantung Endokardium, merupakan selaput yang membatasi ruangan jantung 2. Ruangan jantung: Jantung mempunyai 4 ruangan jantung yaitu : a. 2 serambi (atrium) yaitu atrium sinister / kiri dan atrium dekster / kanan b. 2 bilik (ventrikel) yaitu vebtrikel sinister / kiri dan ventrikel dekster / kanan

jantung

3. Klep jantung Antara ruang jantung dihubungkan oleh klep atau katub jantung seperti: 1 . valvula trikuspidalis = klep jantung berdaun tiga yang terletak antara atrium kanan dengan ventrikel kanan

2. Valvula bicuspidalis

= klep jantung berdaun dua, terletak antara atrium kiri dengan ventrikel kiri Jantung juga memiliki korda tendinae yaitu urat jantung yang menjaga katup (klep) jantung mendapat makanan dan O2 dari nadi tajuk (arteri coronaria) Otot jantung termasuk otot involunter yang bekerja di luar kendali sistem koordinasi.

jantung

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Kelistrikan jantung

1.S.A node sbg pemicu timbulnya aksi potensial (pace maker). Terletak di dinding anterior RA berdekatan dengan tempat masuknya vena cava sup.

2.A.V node terletak pada septum atrium bagian kanan dan sedikit posterior katup triskupidalis/ dekat muara sinus koronarius 3.Berkas His, lanjutan dari AV node, merupakan penghubung fungsional antara otot atrium dan ventrikel, kemudian bercabang menjadi left and right bundle branch. Kemudian ke serat serat purkinye yang berada di sel-sel miokardium.

jantung

  Jantung berfungsi sebagai pompa darah ke seluruh tubuh Dari seluruh tubuh, darah mengalir 

vena cava superior dan inferior

atrium,  right ventrikel melalui tricucpidalis valve, yang memompa darah ke arteri pulmonalis menuju paru. Pada paru terjadi proses pertukaran gas sehingga darah yang teroksigenasi left atrium    vena pulmonalis

right

 mitral valve  left ventrikel melalui darah dipompa ke aorta  ke seluruh tubuh.

Pembuluh darah

   Pembuluh darah merupakan keseluruhan sistem peredaran (sistem kardiovaskuler) terdiri dari arteri, arteriola, kapiler, venula dan vena. Pembuluh arteri berdinding tebal, berotot, dan elastis untuk menahan tingginya tekanan darah yang dipompa dari jantung. Vena yang membawa darah kembali ke jantung, berdinding lebih tipis dan mudah teregang, memungkinkannya mengembang dan membawa darah berjurnlah besar saat tubuh sedang beristirahat. Dinding dalam pada banyak vena mempunyai lipatan yang berperan sebagai katup searah untuk mencegah darah bergerak ke arah yang salah.

Roots yang berhubungan dengan St.Kardiovaskuler dan Limfatik

Root

Cardi/o Atri/o Ventricul/o Valv/o , Valvul/o

Arti

Jantung Atrium, serambi Ventrikel, ruang, bilik Valve , katup

Contoh

cardiomyopathy atriotomy supraventricular valvectomy

Pengertian contoh

any disease of the heart muscle surgical incision of an atrium above a ventricle surgical removal of a valve

Roots for the Blood Vessels

Root

angi/o vas/o, vascul/o vessel, duct, pembuluh darah arter/o, arteri/o Artery arteriol/o Arteriol aort/o

Meaning

vessel Aorta ven/o, ven/i phleb/o Vein, vena Vein, vena

Example

Angiopathy Vasodilation Endarterial Arteriolar Aortoptosis Venous Phlebectasia

Meaning of example

any disease of blood vessels widening of a blood vessel within an artery pertaining to an arteriole downward displacement of the aorta pertaining to a vein dilatation of a vein

Terminology aneurysm angina pectoris atherosclerosis bradycardia cerebrovascular accident (CVA) clubbing cyanosis deep vein thrombosis (DVT) Meaning

A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst A feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall. The most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Root ather/o means “porridge” or “gruel.” A slow heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of blood flow.

Causes include atherosclerosis, embolism, thrombosis, or hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke.

Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by growth of the soft tissue around the nails . Seen in a variety of diseases in which there is poor peripheral circulation.

Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins

Terminology diaphoresis dissecting aneurysm dyslipidemia dyspnea edema embolism fibrillation Meaning

Profuse sweating An aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers. Usually involves the aorta Disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in development of atherosclerosis. Includes hyperlipidemia (high lipids), hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), hypertriglyceridemia (high triglycerides) Difficult or labored breathing (-pnea) Swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of excess fluid.

Causes include cardiovascular disturbances, kidney failure, inflammation, and malnutrition.

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of muscle fibers, as in the atria or the ventricles

Terminology heart block heart failure hemorrhoid hypertension infarct ischemia murmur Meaning

An interference in the conduction system of the heart resulting in arrhythmia A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation of blood A varicose vein in the rectum A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure. Essential (primary, idiopathic) hypertension has no known cause An area of localized necrosis (death) of tissue resulting from a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the area Local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation (root hem/o) An abnormal heart sound

Terminology myocardial infarction (MI) occlusion phlebitis plaque rheumatic heart disease Meaning

Localized necrosis (death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that supplies that area.

Myocardial infarction is usually caused by formation of a thrombus (clot) in a vessel A closing off or obstruction, as of a vessel Inflammation of a vein A patch. With regard to the cardiovascular system, a deposit of fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that impedes blood flow and may block the vessel. Atheromatous plaque.

Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of streptococcus (group A hemolytic streptococcus). The antibodies produced in response to the infection produce scarring of the valves, usually the mitral valve.

Terminology shock stenosis stroke syncope tachycardia thrombophlebitis thrombosis thrombus Meaning

Circulatory failure resulting in inadequate supply of blood to the heart. Cardiogenic shock is caused by heart failure; hypovolemic shock is caused by a loss of blood volume; septic shock is caused by bacterial infection Constriction or narrowing of an opening See cerebrovascular accident A temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 beats per minute Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot Development of a blood clot within a vessel A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel (root thromb/o)

Terminology varicose vein angioplasty artificial pacemaker cardioversion coronary angiography coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) Meaning

A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel (root varic/o); also called varix (VAR-iks) or varicosity A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow.

Commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the vessel open.

A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the beating of the heart. It may be external or implanted, may be designed to respond to need, and may have the capacity to prevent tachycardia Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm. May be accomplished pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of electric current (see defibrillation) Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery. The aorta is connected to a point past the obstruction with another vessel or a piece of another vessel, usually the saphenous vein of the leg or the left internal mammary artery

Terminology Meaning defibrillation percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Use of an electronic device (defibrillator) to stop fibrillation by delivering a brief electric shock to the heart. The shock may be delivered to the surface of the chest or be delivered directly to the heart through wire leads.

echocardiography (ECG) lipoprotein

A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures electrocardiography Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by electrodes A compound of protein with lipid. Lipoproteins are classified according to density as very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), and high density (HDL). Relatively higher levels of HDLs have been correlated with health of the cardiovascular system.

Dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then inflated to flatten plaque against the artery wall

Gagal jantung (Heart failure)

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Definisi

: suatu keadaan patofisiologi berupa kelainan fungsi jantung sehingga jantung tidak mampu memompa darah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan metabolisme jaringan

Faktor predisposisi :

- Penurunan fungsi ventrikel (penyakit arteri koroner, Hipertensi, Kardiomiopati, penyakit pembuluh darah atau penyakit jantung kongenital)

Faktor pencetus :

- peningkatan asupan garam. Ketidakpatuhan menjalani pengobatan anti gagal jantung, IMA, hipertensi, aritmia akut, infeksi, emboli paru, anemia, tirotoksikosis, kehamilan, endokarditis infektif

Infarc miocard acute

 Nekrosis otot jantung (miokardium) akibat gangguan aliran darah ke otot jantung

Angina pectoris

  Suatu sindrom klinis berupa serangan sakit dada yang khas  menjalar ke lengan kiri yang timbul pada saat melakukan aktivitas dan segera menghilang saat aktivitas dihentikan Dibagi menjadi 2: a. Stable Angina Pectoris b. Unstable Angina Pectoris

Penyakit jantung hipertensif

 Hipertrofi ventrikel kiri sebagai akibat dari peningkatan tahanan pembuluh darah perifer dan peningkatan beban pada ventrikel kiri

Insufisiensi Mitral

 Katup jantung tidak bisa menutup sempurna pada waktu sistolik

Stenosis Mitral

 Adanya fibrosis dan fusi komisura katup mitral pada waktu fase penyembuhan demam rematik

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Stenosis Aorta Insufisiensi Aorta

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Endokarditis Infektif

penyakit infeksi oleh mikroorganisme pada endokardium atau katup jantung 

Demam Rematik Akut

suatu penyakit sistemik akut atau kronik yang dapat sembuh sendiri dan menimbulkan kecacatan pada katup jantung secara lambat

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Penyakit Jantung Rematik

penyakit yang ditandai dengan kerusakan pada katup jantung akibat serangan karditis rheumatik akut yang berulang-ulang DRA adalah merupakan penyakit yang terjadi sesudah infeksi Streptococcus beta hemolyticus 

Kor Pulmonal

Penyakit paru dengan hipertrofi atau dilatasi ventrikel kanan akibat gangguan fungsi atau struktur paru

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Kardiomiopathi

Kelainan otot jantung yang diketahui sebabnya 

Kardiomiopathi dilatasi/kongestif

penyakit miokard yang ditandai dengan dilatasi ruangan-ruangan jantung dan gagal jantung kongestif akibat berkurangnya fungsi pompa sistolik secara progresif serta peningkatan volume akhir diastolik dan sistolik

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Kardiomiopathi Hipertrofik:

terjadi pembesaran Septum interventrikuler secara berlebihan sehingga aliran darah keluar dari ventrikel kiri terhambat 

Kardiomiopathi restriktif

kelainan komposisi miokardium sehingga lebih kaku menyebabkan pengisian ventrikel kiri terganggu mengurangi curah jantung dan meningkatkan tekanan pengisian ventrikel kiri 

Perikarditis

peradangan perikardium parietal, perikardium viseral, atau keduanya. Terbagi atas perikarditis akut dan kronis

 Perikarditis Kronik konstriktif penebalan difus perikardium akibat inflamasi yang terjadi sebelumnya sehingga luas jantung berkurang berkurang   curah jantung tekanan pengisian meningkat  Tamponade Jantung: terjadi pengumpulan cairan di perikardium dalam jumlah yang cukup untuk menghambat aliran darah ke ventrikel

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SEKIAN DULU

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SELAMAT BELAJAR

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SEMOGA SUKSES