Transcript Document
History of Oceanography •http://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htm Micronesian - Polynesian colonization of Pacific Ocean Islands • 5000 – 1000 BP Micronesian & Polynesian colonized Pacific Islands • Advanced Open Ocean Navigation • Double Hull Canoes •http://www.monash.edu.au/APJCN/Vol4/Num4/44p361.htm Hurles et al 2003 Polynesian Colonization •http://leahi.kcc.hawaii.edu/org/pvs/ Polynesian Sidereal Compass http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/ Polynesian Sidereal Compass http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/ Example Navigation Leg http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Navigation/sailing/ Early Ocean Mapping Polynesians Mediterranean Cultures • 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars • 3100-2850 BP Phoenicians travel through Mediterranean & up to England – Mediterranean wide maritime trade – Coastal settlements – Coastal navigation Phoenician Ships •http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/phoenecian-ships.htm •http://go.hrw.com/venus_images/0298MC02.gif •http://www.mauigateway.com/~donjusko/final.htg/murexbrandaris_trunculus.jpg •http://www.loretonh.nsw.edu.au/religion Mediterranean Cultures • 6000 BP Egyptians boats with oars • 3100-2850 BP Phoenicians travel through Mediterranean & up to England – Mediterranean wide maritime trade – Coastal settlements – Coastal navigation • Greek and Roman Civilizations •http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/~cannon/medports/Gibraltar/roll_cloud.html Middle Ages • Chinese Invent Magnetic Compass • • • • Vikings and Basque Travel to N. America Arabs cross navigate Indian Ocean Christopher Columbus “Discovers” America Juan Sebastian Elcano – First Round the World voyage (24 of 260 sailors) • James Cook’s Voyages (chronometer) Chronometer for Longitude Lemons for Scurvey Benjamin Franklin & Timothy Folger (1769) Voyage of the HMS Beagle 1831-1836 Evolution of Coral Reefs Fringe reefs Barrier reefs Atolls Edward Forbes (1840’s) • Bottom Dredging in E. Mediterranean • 8 Depth zones, based on different organisms • AZOIC Zone below 600m – Azoic Theory – Too cold, too dark, no oxygen – No Life Challenger Expedition (1872 – 1876) • • • • HMS Challenger 226’ fixed rig Corvette 230 crewmembers; 7 Scientists 125000 km • Objectives – – – – Map Ocean’s bottom Investigate the Azoic Zone Search for ‘Primitive Organisms’ (stable environment) Study Bathybeus haecklii (Huxley); “primordial slime” HMS Challenger HMS CHALLENGER 1872 – 1876 Challenger Expedition (1872 – 1876) • Scientific Results - 50 Volumes (23 Years) – Extensive Bathymetric Maps – No Azoic zone – Found temperature variability in deep waters (not all 4 oC) – No Evidence of “primitive fauna” – Description of 4717 new species – Bathybeus haecklii = Alcohol precipitate of carbon sulphate – Discovery Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Marianas Trench SIO WHOI Ocean Resources http://www.greenet.pl/piosta/gal/bona_2_star.jpg •http://www.news.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/030110-N-9851B-082.jpg •http://www.news.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/960916-V-0000B-009.jpg •http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/ Ocean Resources • • • • • Fisheries Transportation & Trade Military Use Offshore Oil, Gas & Minerals Recreation & Aesthetics Law of the Sea Treaty - 1973 • • • • Territorial Seas - 12 nm Procedures for Ocean boundaries Right of Free Passage through Straits Exclusive Economic Zones – 200 nm – Can extend out to 350nm – Jurisdiction over: • • • • Fisheries Pollution Scientific Research Mineral Resources www.whoi.edu South China Territorial Claims www.bbc.co.uk/ EEZs Claims Production ( million tonnes) Global Trend in Fishery Landings 100 50 1800 1840 1880 Year 1920 1960 2000 Fishery induced changes in world fish composition Greenhouse Effect