Transcript Natural Units – Atoms, electrons, molecules, and moles

Natural Units –
Atoms, electrons, molecules, and moles
Units such as meter, second, joule, calorie,
gram, kilogram etc are artificial (man-made)
units.
What are natural units?
How many are there?
How do natural units interact with each other?
What are the ultimate fundamental particles (units) of the universe?
Atoms, electrons, molecules, and moles are natural units or building
blocks of matter. Photons are natural units of EM radiation (energy).
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Philosophy and Sciences
Philosophy: the love of wisdom and ultimate truth a critical and systematic study of utmost-limit of things.
Sciences: ask fundamental questions satisfy intellectual curiosities stimulated by the
environment around us.
Science is the logic reunion of knowledge corresponding
to the reality. Philosophy is a united logic parallel and don’t
have any effect because it isn’t experimental. Both come
from the same principle and follow to the same end: the
knowledge of reality.
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Philosophical Approach
Philosophy is the serious and systematic attempt to investigate:
What is the world, and what is our place in it?
What is science? Is it infallible? How should science affect us?
What is the relation between the world and us? Is there a single
set of “correct” moral standard?
Issues regarding materials:
the smallest number of things,
the smallest units of things,
the fundamentals in the world or universe, …
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The Aspect of Learning
Everything that the human race has
done and thought is concerned with
the satisfaction of deeply felt needs
and the assuagement of pain.
The aspect of learning includes:
clear understanding
impartial truth
Albert Einstein
right reason
fair play
science
good will
pantheism theism
decent dialog
and wise priorities.
atheism anti-pantheism
Non-theism polytheism
religion
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Fundamental Natural Units
What are the fundamentals of the physical world?
The Yin-Yang Dualism (orient)
The Primal Substances (Greek)
These philosophies dominated human reasoning for a long
period, and they still have some effects over modern scholars.
Many don’t dare to disagree.
What to do if you don’t agree? – deal with it philosophically
rigorous and constructive reasoning,
clarity of expression,
and the ability to address complex and difficult problems.
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The Yin & Yang Dualism
Dualism: The ultimate of the
universe consists of Yin and Yang.
All materials ultimately originated from the
two forces Yin (– –) and Yang (--). Different
proportions of Yin and Yang made each
material unique.
I-ching (Book of change(s))
by Fu-Hsi (early Zhou dynasty 1134-247
BC)
The oracle is one of 64 different
hexagrams. The hexagram itself is
composed of two trigrams, each consisting
of three lines. Those lines are either
straight (or Yang) or broken (Yin).
Links to I-Ching
pacificcoast.net/~wh/
The symbol for Tai-chi, and the tri-grams in
the Book of Change.
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I-Ching – book of change(s)
During the Zhou dynasty (1100-256 B.C.), Lao Tzu (LaoZi) started the Tao
philosophy based on I-Ching, and Confucius started the first public school
that opened to commoners. This also marked the first schism in I-Ching
scholars.
In Zhou, the lunar calendar based on the
10 celestial stems and 12 earthly branches
was established. By marking the compass
with the 10 celestial stems and 12 earthly
branches, the space and time met the first
time.
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Implication
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Yin-Yang philosophy
Yin originated from Yang and vice versa.
Together, Yin and Yang form ONE system, no superior part. Each and
any part of a system has the ability to imbalance the harmony of the
whole.
Yin and Yang could not exist alone; they co-exist with no conflict of
interest. They encircled and embrace each other. The constant moving
balance is the ideal image of harmony.
This philosophy came to being during the pre-class society, members
being considerate. It reflects the character of many Chinese even today.
Reserve your right not to agree!
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Einstein on Religion and Science
What are the feelings and needs that have led men to religious thought
and belief in the widest sense of the words?
A little consideration will suffice to show us that the most varying emotions preside over the
birth of religious thought and experience. With primitive man it is above all fear that evokes
religious notions - fear of hunger, wild beasts, sickness, death.
Stages of Religion: Social religion, Moral religion, Cosmic Religion
There is a third stage of religious experience which belongs to all of them, even though it is
rarely found in a pure form: I shall call it cosmic religious feeling. It is very difficult to
elucidate this feeling to anyone who is entirely without it, especially as there is no
anthropomorphic conception of God corresponding to it.
Science and Religion
The man who is thoroughly convinced of the universal operation of the law of causation
cannot for a moment entertain the idea of a being who interferes in the course of events provided, of course, that he takes the hypothesis of causality really seriously. He has no
use for the religion of fear and equally little for social or moral religion.
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Primal Substances – Plato’s natural units
Plato (427-347 BC) postulated
that combinations of four
primal substances:
air, water, fire, and earth
made up all materials.
Earth
Fire
Water
Air
According to Timaeus
(Ether)
The five regular (platonic) solids, four of which
had been associated with the primal substance.
Show the falsity of
primal substances
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Aristotle’s World
Aristotle (384-322 BC) examined
the ideas of primal substances
from the viewpoint of causes and
effects.
He added four qualities:
cold, wet, dry and hot
to account for the changes.
Earth
Water
Cold
Wet
Dry
Hot
Fire
Air
Plato's doctrine dominated scientific reasoning for almost 2000 years.
Natural Units world?
What is wrong with Aristotle’s
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Doctrine Challenged
The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing.
One cannot help but be in awe when he contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of
the marvelous structure of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of
this mystery every day. Never lose a holy curiosity.
~ A. Einstein
Enterprise, medicine, trade, and technology lead to wealth,
which brought leisure to people for the pleasure of science.
Plato doctrine was challenged by a few scholars:
Bacon (1561-1626) developed methods of fact collection
Descartes (1596-1650) introduced a principle of doubt
Galileo (1564-1642) invented experimental methods
Helmont (1580-1644) and Boyle (1627-1691) investigated gas
They disagreed!
Primal substance concept invalidated, as a result.
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The Chemical Element Concept
During the 16th century, tools emerged for the study of gases. Not all
gases the same. – Air is not a primal substance.
Boyle initiated the chemical element concept:
I mean by Elements, as those Chymists that speak plainest do by their
Principles, certain Primitive and Simple or perfectly unmingled bodies;
which not being made of any other bodies, or of one another, are the
Ingredients of which all those call'd perfectly mixt (i.e. compound) Bodies
are immediately compounded and into which they are ultimately resolved.
A chemical element is a substance that cannot be decomposed
into any simpler things. They are the natural building blocks (units)
of matter.
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The Phlogiston Theory
Becher (1635-1682 ) suggested that combustible material contained
an inflammable phlogiston, which was released during burning,
Metal  residue + phlogiston
The late 18th century was dominated by the "phlogiston" theory.
Phlogiston theorists identified three essences which comprise all matter:
sulfur or terra pinguis, the essence of inflammability;
mercury or terra mercurialis, the essence of fluidity; and
salt or terra lapida, the essence of fixity and inertness.
Priestly and Lavoisier
Metal + oxygen = calx (ash)
They denounced the phlogiston theory as being a pure logical speculation.
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Discovery of Oxygen as an Element
Reaction between 2 parts nitrosus air + 5 part
air gives a products soluble in water.
Priestly discovered that
not all air are the same.
He found nitrous air
reacted with portion of
air. The modern
explanation is due to the
reaction:
2 NO + O2 = 2 NO2
1/ of air
5
NO2 is soluble in H2O.
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Additional Elements
Traite Element de Chimie lists these elements
General
Light, Caloric, Azote (nitrogen), Hydrogen, Oxygen
Nonmetals whose oxides are acid
metallic, Sulfur, Fluoric radical, Charcoal, Muriatic radical,
Phosphorus, Boric radical
Metals whose oxides are acids
Antimony, Iron, Silver, Arsenic, Lead, Platina, Bismuth,
Manganese, Tin, Colbalt, Mercury, Tungstein, Copper,
Molybdens, Zinc, Gold, Nickel
Salt and earthy substance:
Lime, Magnesia, Argill, Barytes, Silex
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Dalton (1766-1844 ): all substances are made of small, indivisible, and
fundamental natural units called atoms.
Various symbols like these had
been used to represent atoms of
different elements by Dalton
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Periodic Table of Elements
Goto Internet:
www. Webelements.com
www. periodictable.com/pages/AAE_History.html
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Natural Units in Chemical
Reactions
Atoms and ions
Fe + S = FeS
H + Cl = H+ + Cl–
Molecules, moles and
Avogadro’s number
Arrangement of Ge atoms in crystals
image from webelements.com
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Molecules
Failure of Dalton’s atomic theory
2 H + O = 2 HO
2 H + O = H2O (does not agree with volume measured)
H + O = HO (does not agree with volume measured)
Avogadro(1775-1856 ): natural units (for chemical reactions are
molecules rather than single atoms.
1 vol. O2 + 2 vol. H2  2 vol. H2O
2 CO (g) + O2 (g)
Avogadro’s number = 6.0221367e23 molecules mol-1 (physical
constant)
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Natural Units of Electric Charge
Electrostatic Force: (Coulomb’s law or Interaction)
The force between two static charges of q1 and q2 C
separated at distance r is
Newton's law
q1 q2
F = C ---------r2
m1 m2
F = G ---------r2
Coulomb constant in vacuum
C = (4)–1
= 8.987551787x109 N m2 C-2
Gravitational constant
G = 6.67259x10-11 N m2 kg-2
C: Coulomb, SI unit of charge
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Electrochemical Reactions
An electric cell and a voltaic pile
Zinc
Copper
Galvani (1737-1798) studied medicine,
but taught at university and carried out
research on electric effect of tissues and
muscles.
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Container with a
salt solution
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Galvani
Luigi Galvani
(1737-1798):
erroneously
concluded that the
frog's nervous
system generated
an electrical
charge, his work
stimulated much
research into the
electrochemistry.
The depiction of his
laboratory 
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Electrochemistry
A. Volta (1745-1827) experimented with different
materials, and made voltaic piles (batteries)
William Nicholson (1753-1815) observed bubbles
forming on the surfaces of metals submerged in
water when they are connected to a voltaic pile
Humphry Davy (1778-1829) observe electrolysis
of water and metal salts. Following that, …
Michael Faraday (1791-1860) studied electrolysis,
and discovered the relationship between charges
and chemical stoichiometry
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The masses deposited on the electrodes depends
on the amount of electricity passing the cell, and
on the atomic weight of the elements.
DC
supply
Electrolysis
Ag
Cu
Zn
Faraday (1791-1860) discovered chemical reactions caused by
electricity, and he further investigated electrolysis.
Passing 96485.309 coulomb through the cell will deposit 108 g (1
mole) of silver (Ag), or 1.008 g (also 1 mole) of hydrogen.
Faraday constant F = 96485.309 C. Natural Units
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The Electron
A Cathode Ray Tube
Partial vacuum tube
Cathode rays
Crookes (1832-1919)
discovered cathode rays as
negatively charged particles
High voltage source
J.J. Thomson determined
mass to charge ratio in 1897.
Millikan's experiment
determined the charge
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Electrons
qe = –1.60217733e-19 C
F = 96485 C
me = 0.00054856 amu
= 9.1093897e-31 kg
spin = ½ (two state)
magnetic moment
= 9.284770e–24 J/tesla
Voltaic piles (batteries) made the following study possible
W. Crookes (1832-1919) observed cathode rays in low-pressure tubes.
1897: J.J. Thomson determined the charge to mass ratio (e– / me) of
cathode rays (electrons).
1916 R. Millikan (1868-1953) measured the amount of charge of e–.
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Properties of Electron
Rest mass
Charge
spin
Magnetic moment
9.1093897x10-31 kg
5.4856 x10-4 amu
0.510999 MeV (/c2)
-1.60217733 x 10-19 C
-4.80663 x10-10 esu
-1 atomic charge
1/
2
9.284770x10-24 J/tesla
1.00115965219 Bohr magmetons
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Spin of the Electron
In 1896, P. Zeeman (1865-1943) shared
physics Nobel Prize with H.A. Lorentz for
observed the broadening of the sodium Dlines when the source is placed in a magnetic
field.
The theoretical explanation is provided almost
30 years later by quantum mechanics. George
E. Uhlenbeck (1900-1988) and Samuel A.
Goudsmit (1902-1978) proposed that the
electrons might have an intrinsic angular
momentum or spin of sz = ±½h.
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Stern-Gerlach Experiment
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Electron Spin Magnetic Moment
The z-component of magnetic moment due to intrinsic spin of the
electron is expected to be
z = ±½ B
but the measured value turns out to be about twice that.
B = h / 2  m
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Electron Spin Technology
According to Nature of Dec. 6, 2001
We (6 researchers at UC St. Barbara) would like to electrically manipulate
the electron spin because that's the bridge to a scalable technology.
Today's charge-based electronics all use electrical gates--a sandwich
of electrical plates--to guide electrons. We want to use the electrical
control methods of today's technology to fabricate a spin gate. This
paper reports spin gates that can make the electron spin go one way
or the other or just stay put. And the gate works at room temperature.
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Protons, Neutrons and Quarks
As we shall see, the discovery of protons and neutrons made
people consider them as the fundamental particles. However,
physicists have evidences to show that all particles, including
protons and neutrons are made up of quarks. There are two
types of quarks in each of the three generations of matter.
Individual quarks have not been detected, but their existences
are inferred. Please recall the Yin and Yang philosophy.
We shall give a full discussion on protons, neutron, and quarks.
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Nature’s Hierarchy – a biological view
???
Sub-Atomic Particles
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Multicellur Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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