Transcript Apartheid

Apartheid
A Journey of Inequality
Photo Analysis Directions
• In your groups, you have two photos to analyze.
The photos are in your packets.
• Using an overhead projector marker, divide your
picture into four quadrants to help you focus on
all the details more effectively.
• Working as a group, answer the photo analysis
questions on both of the pictures you have.
• Choose one member of your group as the
spokesperson to tell the class what your group
has learned about Apartheid through these
pictures.
Typical Homestead
Beach Picture
Typical Squatter’s Camp
Sharpeville Uprising
Rodden Island Prison
Man with Passbook
Checking Passbook
Soweto Uprising
Funeral and Protest
Separate Bathroom Facilities
Journal Entry
• In complete sentences, summarize
everything you think you now know about
Apartheid in South Africa.
• How do you think what you saw in these
pictures compares with the Civil Rights
movement in the United States?
“I was made by the law, a criminal, not because
of what I had done, but because of what I stood
for, because of what I thought, because of my
conscious. Can it be any wonder to anybody
that such conditions make a man an outlaw of
society?” Nelson Mandela
The History of
Apartheid
A Journey of Inequality
1651: Dutch settlers arrive in South Africa.
1756: Dutch settlers import slaves from West Africa,
Malaysia, and India, establishing the dominance
of whites over non-whites
1700s: The Dutch farmers, known as Boers, seize
land from the natives using shotguns. Natives are
forced to work on Boer farms to survive.
1810s: British missionaries arrive and criticize the
racist practices of the Boers, urging them to treat
the Africans more fairly. The Boers refuse because
they believe that they are the more superior race.
1867:Diamond mining begins in South Africa.
Africans are the main labor force, are given the
most dangerous jobs, and are kept in fenced
barracks.
1899-1902: The Boer War is fought between the
Boers and the British to see who would rule South
Africa. The war was long and bloody. The British
were cruel and established 31 concentration
camps for Boer women and children and natives.
Almost 40,000 people died in these camps.
DUTCH:
NATIVES OR INHABITANTS OF THE
NETHERLANDS
BOERS:
THE DUTCH FARMERS IN SOUTH AFRICA
RACE:
OFTEN MISUNDERSTOOD AS A GROUP OF PEOPLE
WITH DIFFERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.
WE ARE ALL PART OF THE HUMAN RACE.
CONCENTRATION CAMPS:
A CAMP WHERE CIVILIANS, ENEMY ALIENS,
POLITICAL PRISONERS, AND SOMETIMES PRISONERS
OF WAR ARE FORCIBLY KEPT UNDER THE HARSHEST
CONDITIONS.
Concentration Camps
“Every one of these children who died as a
result of the halving of their rations, thereby
exerting pressure onto their family still on the
battlefield, was purposefully murdered. The
system of half rations stands exposed and
stark unashamefully as a cold-blooded deed
of state policy employed with the purpose of
ensuring the surrender of people whom we
were not able to defeat on the battlefield.”
-WT Stead, British Journalist
“There were poisonous sulphate of copper, grounded glass, fishhooks,
and razor blades in the rations.” –Sara Raal
A Journey of Inequality
1908-A constitutional convention is held to
establish South African independence from
Britain. The all-white government decides that
non-whites can vote, but cannot hold office.
1910-The South Africa Act takes away all political
rights of Africans in three of the country’s four
states.
1912-The African National Congress is formed. The
political party aims to organize Africans in the
struggle for civil rights.
CIVIL:
RELATED TO THE CIVILIANS OF A
COUNTRY
LITERATE:
ABLE TO READ AND WRITE
1913-The Land Act give 7.3% of the country’s land
to Africans, who make up 80% of the population.
Africans are allowed to be on white land only of
they are working for whites
1920s-Blacks are fired from jobs which are given
to whites.
1910s-1930s-Africans educated at missionary
schools attempt to organize to resist white rule
and gain political power. However, few of them
are literate, communication is poor, and money is
a problem.
Early Protests Against Inequality
Prominent leaders in South Africa protest the treatment of the blacks.
Gandhi is the fourth from the left.
A Journey of Inequality
1939-Representation of Voters Act weakened the
political rights for Africans and allows them to
vote only for white representatives.
1946-African mine workers are paid twelve times
less than their white counterparts. Over 75,000
Africans go on strike in support of higher wages.
Over 1000 workers are injured or killed before
police violence forces them to end the strike
1948-The Afrikaner Nationalist Party gains control
of the government and passed the first of 317
Apartheid laws, separating whites from blacks.
1951-The African National Congress (ANC), a
political organization for Africans, encourages
peaceful resistance to Apartheid Laws. The
government reacts by arresting more people.
1950-1953-Multiple Apartheid laws are passed
restricting the movement and rights of blacks and
requiring pass books. From 1948-1973, over ten
million Africans were arrested because their
passes were not in order
COUNTERPARTS:
PEOPLE ON THE SAME LEVEL, DOING THE
SAME WORK
APARTHEID:
A POLICY OF SEPARATENESS
AFRIKANER:
A EUROPEAN DESCENDANT OF THE DUTCH
IN SOUTH AFRICA
Mine Workers in South Africa
Working conditions were terrible in the mines, with miners earning only
a few dollars a day and being forced to be separate from their families
for months or years at a time.
A Journey of Inequality
1960-A large group of blacks in the town of
Sharpeville refused to carry their passes. 69
people die and 187 are wounded. The African
political organizations, the ANC and the PanAfrican Congress, are banned.
1962-The United Nations establishes the Special
Committee Against Apartheid to support a
political process of peaceful change, based on
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
1963-1990-Nelson Mandela, head of the African
National Congress is jailed for the third time. He
expected the death penalty and so he gave a
four hour long speech, saying what he thought
would be his last words to the African community.
He was sentenced to life in prison, first on Robben
Island, doing intense labor. He then spent 27 years
in Pollsmoor Prison, where he was placed in
solitary confinement.
1970-Resistance to Apartheid increases. The allblack South African Students Organization, under
the leadership of Stephen Biko, helps unify
students through the Black Consciousness
movement.
THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN
RIGHTS:
ADOPTED ON DECEMBER 10, 1948 BY
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE
UNITED NATIONS AS GUIDELINES FOR
HOW HUMAN BEINGS SHOULD BE
TREATED ALL OVER THE WORLD
Nelson Mandela in Prison
Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in solitary confinement in this cell.
A Journey of Inequality
1973-The United Nations passed a resolution
condemning Apartheid.
1976-People in Soweto riot and demonstrate
against discrimination and instruction in Afrikaans.
The police react with gunfire, killing 575 and
injuring and arresting thousands. Stephen Biko is
beaten and left in jail to die from his injuries.
AFRIKAANS:
A LANGUAGE ADAPTED FROM THE 17TH
CENTURY DUTCH SETTLERS OF SOUTH
AFRICA
BOYCOTT:
TO ABSTAIN FROM BUYING OR USING
1980s-People and governments around the world
launch an international campaign to boycott
South Africa. Hundreds of thousands of Africans
who are banned from white-controlled areas
ignore the laws and pour into forbidden regions in
search of work. Civil disobedience and other
protests increase.
Mid 1980s-The United Democratic Front was
formed in South Africa, which was led by
Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Reverend Allen
Boasek. The organization helped spread the word
worldwide about the problem of Apartheid.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE:
THE REFUSAL TO OBEY CERTAIN LAWS FOR
THE PURPOSE OF INLUENCING
GOVERNMENTAL POLICY
United Democratic Front
This organization helped get the word out to the world about apartheid.
A Journey of Inequality
Late 1980s-International pressure forces South
Africa to end Apartheid. As a result, some of the
segregationist laws are repealed, such as the
ones separating whites and non-whites in public
places.
SEGRAGATIONIST:
1991-1994-South African President F.W. de Klerk
repeals the rest of the Apartheid laws and calls for
a new constitution. A multiracial transitional
government is approved. Nelson Mandela is
elected president in 1994.
REPEALED:
ONE WHO BELIEVES THAT RACES
SHOULD BE KEPT APART
TO TAKE BACK OR RECALL
A New Government
Nelson Mandela casts the first vote for the new government of South
Africa.
Quiz on Apartheid Timeline
1. Give the year that Apartheid began.
2. How many concentration camps did the British establish and who
did they put in them?
3. Tell me two things you now know about Archbishop Desmond Tutu.
4. When did the United Nations establish the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights?
5. When did the United Nations make the statement that Apartheid was
bad?
EXTRA CREDIT: How many years was Nelson Mandela president?
Journal Entry #2
On the following slide, you will see a list of Grand Apartheid Laws. After
reading through them, choose the one type of law that you think you
would have had the hardest time dealing with and would have
protested if you were a native in South Africa.
Write the law down in your journal and explain why you think that law
would have affected you the most.
Why do you think that the native South Africans didn’t resist these laws
more than they did?
Grand Apartheid Laws
1. THE POPULATION REGISTRATION ACT—grouped every South African
into a particular “race” (white, Indian, Coloured, and Black). Only whites
could vote. Those lower down on the list had fewer rights.
2. THE MIXED MARRIAGES ACT—made it a crime for any marriage to take
place between whites and any other “racial” group. Only 75 marriages
between blacks and whites had been recorded before Apartheid began.
3. THE IMMORALITY ACT—made it a crime for any sexual act to be
committed between a white person and any other “racial” group.
Between 1950-1985, 24,000 people were prosecuted for this crime.
4. THE GROUP AREAS ACT—divided South Africa into different areas
where the different “race” groups could live. Of the 3.5 million people
who had to leave their homes because of this act, only 2% were white.
5. THE PASS LAWS—made it mandatory for blacks to carry pass books at
all times, which allowed them to have permission to be in a white area
for a limited amount of time. Without their pass, they were arrested.
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